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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genome |
The genetic information in a cell is called the ________ |
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Genes |
Segments of DNA that code for functional products |
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Genotype |
The DNA of an organism, codes for all of its particular characteristics |
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Phenotype |
Actual expressed properties from an organism's DNA, such as the ability to perform a certain chemical reaction |
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Genetic code |
Set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Expressed |
When the ultimate molecule for which a gene codes has been produced, the gene is _________ |
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Genotype |
This represents potential properties, but not the properties themselves, in an organism |
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Enztmatic; structural |
In microbes, most proteins are either ________ or ________ |
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Constitutive genes |
Genes that are transcribed at a relatively constant level regardless of cell environmental conditions |
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Epigenetic control |
The process by which eukaryotic and bacterial cells turn genes off by methylating certain nucleotides before they are passed to offspring |
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Mutagen |
An agent such as radiation or chemical substance that causes genetic mutations |
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Carcinogens |
Type of mutagen that causes cancer in animals |
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Genetic recombination |
Refers to the exchange of genes between two molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome |
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Vertical gene transfer |
This occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring |
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Horizontal gene transfer |
Bacteria passing genes to others of the same generation |
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Recombinant cell |
The recipient cell that incorporates donor DNA into its own DNA |
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Bacteriophage or phage |
In the process of transduction, a virus that infects bacteria |
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Transduction |
A mechanism of genetic transfer between bacteria, in which bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a virus |
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Plasmid |
Self-replicating, gene-containing, circular pieces of DNA about 1-5% the size of a bacterial chromosome |
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Transposons |
Small segments of DNA that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another |
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Biotechnology |
The use of microorganisms cells or cell components to make a product |
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Recombinant DNA technology |
The insertion, deletion, or modification of genes, sometimes called genetic engineering |
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Reverse transcriptase |
An enzyme used to synthesize complementary DNA from an mRNA template; used to produce artificial genes that contain only exons |
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Complementary DNA |
Synthetic DNA in which the sequence of bases is complementary to that of a given example of DNA |
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) |
A difference in homologous DNA sequences that can be detected by the presence of fragments of different lengths after digestion of the DNA samples in with specific restriction endonucleases |
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Semiconservative |
Because each new DNA molecule contains an original and new strand, the process is __________ |
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Gyrase |
Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork |
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DNA Ligase |
Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair |
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DNA Polymerase |
Synthesizes DNA; proofreads and repairs DNA |
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Endonucleases |
Cut DNA Backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions |
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Exonucleases |
Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA; facilitate repair |
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Helicase |
Unwinds double-stranded DNA |
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Methylase |
Ed's methyl group to selected bases in newly-made DNA |
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Photolyase |
Uses visible light energy to separate uv-induced pyrimidine dimers |
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Primase |
An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template |
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Ribozyme |
RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together |
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RNA polymerase |
Copies RNA from a DNA template |
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snRNP |
RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together |
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Topoisomerase |
Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication |
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Transposase |
Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single stranded sticky ends |
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DNA ligase |
Joins the discontinuous fragments of the lagging strand in DNA replication |
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DNA Polymerase |
Digests RNA primer and replaces it with DNA |
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DNA Polymerase |
__________ is responsible for proofreading capability of DNA during replication |
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Transcription |
Genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary base sequence of RNA |
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Translation |
The use of information encoded in RNA to synthesize specific proteins |
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(Ribosomal) rRNA |
Forms an integral part of ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein synthesis. |
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Messenger RNA |
Carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized |
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Promoter |
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at a site called the ________ |
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Terminator |
RNA synthesis continues until RNA polymerase reaches a site on the DNA called the _________ |
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Translation |
Decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting it into the language of proteins |
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Codons |
Groups of three nucleotides such as AUG GGC or AAA, which are the language of messenger RNA |
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Amino acid |
Each codon codes for a specific ________ |
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Stop codons |
UAA; UAG; UGA |
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Start codons |
AUG |
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Transfer RNA |
________ molecules both recognize the specific codons, and transport the required amino acids |
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Anticodon |
Each TRNA molecule has a sequence of three bases that is complementary to a codon, called a _______. In this way, a TRNA molecule can base pair with its associated codon. |
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Nucleus; cytoplasm or RER |
In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the _________, and translation occurs in the _________ |
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Exons |
The regions of DNA that are expressed in eukaryotic genes |
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Introns |
The intervening regions of DNA that do not encode protein |
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Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins |
Remove the introns and splice the exons together in eukaryotic cells |
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RecA |
Gene responsible for recombination in prokaryotes (bacteria) |
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RAD51 |
Gene responsible for recombination in eukaryotes |