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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prokaryotes |
No true nucleus No organelles except for ribosomes |
|
Eukaryotes |
Have a true nucleus Contain organelles Humans (animals), plants, fungi, protista |
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Progenotes |
Ancestorial cells |
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Genetic engineering |
Creates new products |
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Bioremediation |
Restores stability or cleans up toxic pollutants |
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Helicobacter pylori |
Gastric ulcers Replicates and causes infection |
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Spontaneous generation |
Belief that invisible vital forces led to creation of life Disproved |
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Abiogenesis |
Actual origins of life on Earth |
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Louis Pasteur |
Pasteurization Swan neck flasks |
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Robert Hooke |
Compound microscope |
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Leeuwenhoek |
Simple microscope |
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Joseph Lister |
Father of antiseptic surgery Carbolic acid antiseptic technique |
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Ferninand Cohn |
Discovered endospores Founder of bacteriology |
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Robert Koch |
Verified germ theroy of disease Discovered specific microbes cause specific diseases |
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Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ingaz semmelweiz |
Importance of handwashing and aseptic techniques by doctors |
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Macromolecules |
Very large molecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (structural), nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) |
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Monomers |
Subunits of macromolecules |
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Polymers |
Chains of monomers |
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Polysaccharide |
Structural support and protection Nutrient/energy stores |
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Lipopolysaccharide LPS |
Symptoms of Fever and shock |
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Glycocalyx |
Outer surface of many cells Functions as Attachment or as a receptor |
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Mycoplasma |
No cell wall Compensates by adding chloresterol molecules to reinforce structure M. pneumoniae |
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Mycobacteria |
Mycolic acid Tuberculosis Virulence factor |
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Virulence factor |
Any factor that increases disease causing ability of organisms Makes it easier to cause disease |
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Cholesterol |
Reinforces structure of cell Compensates for no cell wall |
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Amino acid |
-building block of proteins |
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Denatured |
Protein unfolds |
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Enzyme |
Protein catalyst |
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DNA |
Coded genetic program with specific and detailed instructions for each organism's heredity AT, GC Deoxyribose |
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RNA |
Helper molecules Carry our DNA's instructions Translate DNA into proteins AU, GC Ribose |
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Nomenclature |
Genus than species 1st letter only is capital Everything underlined (written) or itilicized |
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Species |
Most specific |
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Domians |
Bacteria (prokaryotes) Archaea Eukarya (Eukaryotes) |
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Kingdoms |
Most broad Animals Plants Protists- unicellular algae and protozoa Monera- all prokaryotes Fungi- yeasts and molds |
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Archaebacteria |
Produces oxygen though photosynthesis |
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Five I's of microbiology |
Inncoulation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification |
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Pure culture |
1 intended organism No conatimation Most frequently used |
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Mixed culture |
2 or more intended organisms Type of pure culture |
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Contaminated culture |
Intended to be pure or mixed, but has been contaminated by unknown substance Cause: cover left off, dirty instrument |
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Liquid media |
Water based Does not solidify above freezing temp Flows freely |
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Semisolid media |
Between liquid and solid Does not flow freely Soft clotlike consistently |
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Solid media |
Can be liquified with heat Remains in place when tilted 1-5 percent agar |
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Chemically defined media |
Composition is precisely defined Exact formula No variation |
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Complex media |
At least one ingredient is not chemically definable Ex. Sheep blood agar |
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Selective media |
Isolates one type of microorganism from many Ex. MacConkey agar (gram -), CNA agar (gram +), Mannitol salt agar (staphylococcus), sabouraud agar (fungi) |
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Differential media |
Shows differences between multiple different organisms Ex. Blood agar (hemolysis), Mannitol salt agar (staphylococcus), Sulfur Indole motility , MacConkey agar (lactose fermentation) |
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Colony forming unit |
Colony may have been formed by multiple cells |
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Differential and Selective media ex.'s |
Mannitol salt agar MacConkey agar |
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Reducing medium |
Absorbs/slows penetration of oxygen Grows anaerobic bacteria (no o2) |
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Transport media |
Used to maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a period of time |
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Streak plate technique |
Goal is colony isolation |
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Micron (μm)
|
AKA micrometer 1/1000 of mm |
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nanometer
|
1/1000 of micron
|
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bright field scope
|
felid is bright, cell is dark what we use |
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Dark field scope
|
field around cells is dark, cell is bright |
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TEM and SEM
|
use electron beam to view specimens take up the whole room |
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oil immersion lens
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uses oil to capture light that would otherwise scatter reducing scatter increases resolution |
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wet mount
|
drop of culture placed on a slide and overlaid with a cover slip
|
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hanging drop
|
drop of culture placed in depression sealant and cover slip are used to suspend the sample |
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heat fix
|
gently kills specimen attaches cells to slide |
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basic dye
|
positive charge dyes the cells |
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acidic dyes
|
negative charge dyes area around cell, NOT the cells |
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All bacterial cells have a _____ charge
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negative
|
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simple stain
|
uses one dye reveals relative sixe, shape, and arrangement of cell |
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differential stains
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uses two different colored dyes (primary and counterstain) distinguishes cell types or parts |
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Gram postive
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thick cell wall
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gram negative
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thin cell wall
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gram stain
|
primary stain (crystal violet +), flood with iodine, alcohol rinse (decolorizes the cell), counterstain (safranin, - , pink) colors gram - cells that were decolorized used for bacterial classification and identification shows differences in structure of cell wall (thick- gram +, thin- gram -) |
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Acid fast stain
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Acid resistant differentiates acid fast bacteria from non acid fast |
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acid resistant
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acid can't remove colored dye from cell
|
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non acid fast
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acid can wash out the colored stain
|
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Endospore stain
|
stain distinguishes between spores and vegetative cells identifies gram +, spore forming members of Bacillus and Clostridium genus |
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capsule staining
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uses + and - stains shows capsule around the cell (due to contrast of colors) |
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Capsule
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enhibits phagocytosis enables bacteria to reproduce |
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positive stain
|
basic/alkaline
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negative stain
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acidic
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Flagellar staining
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used to reveal tiny, slender filaments used by bacteria for movement
|
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All bacterial cells possess
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cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes cytoskeleton 1 chromosome (usually) |
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Most bacterial cells possess
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cell wall (not mycoplasma) glycocalyx (surface coating) |
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SOME bacterial cells possess
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flagella, pili, fimbriae outer membrane (only gram -) plasmids inculsions endospores intracellular membranes capsule |
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nucleoid
|
region where chromosome is found
|
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pleomorphism
|
cells of one species vary in shape in size ex. mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, corynebacterium, haemophilus |
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monomorphic
|
most prokaryotes are unicellular and have one shape
|
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coccobacillus
|
short and plump rod
|
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coccus
|
spheres
|
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Bacillus
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rod
|
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vibro
|
greatly curved rod
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spirillum
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curved/spiral corkscrew
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spriochete
|
spiral cell containing flagella |
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Branching fillaments
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multiple branches off a basic rod structure
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dipplococcus
|
two cells stuck together
|
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Streptococcus
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chain of cocci
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Tetrad
|
packet of 4 cells
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Sarcina
|
packet of 8-64 cells
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Staphloccocci
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irregular clusters of cells
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Micrococci
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irregular cluster of smaller than normal cells
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Montotrichous Flagella
|
single flagellum
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Lophotrichous Flagella
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small bunches of flagella at one side
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Amphitrichous Flagella
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Flagella at both sides of the cell
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Peritrichous Flagella
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Flagella randomly all over cell
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Bacterial Flagella
|
rotate 360 degrees connected to gram - bacteria because of the outer membrane |
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periplasmic Flagella
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AKA axial filaments or endoflagellum Internal Flagellum (found between cell membrane and cell wall) Pathogens: treponema, pallidum, Borella burgdorferi |
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Runs and Tumbles
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Run- smooth linear movement towards stimulus Tumbles- rotation reverses, causing cell to stop and change course |
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Fimbriae
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used for attachment to various surfaces
|
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Pili
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attachment of 1 cell to another and genetic exchange during conjugation |
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Glyocalyx
|
sugar coat slime layer (sticky, loosely organized, and thin) OR capsule (thick, organized) Inhibits phagocytosis and allows replication |
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cell envelope
|
lies outside cytoplasm composed of -outer membrane (gram - only) -cell wall -cell/plasma/cytoplasmic membrane |
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Gram positive cell
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THICK Cell well (peptidoglycan) cell membrane (ATP produced) teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid 1 membrane |
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Gram Negative Cell
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**Outer Membrane THIN Cell wall (peptidoglycan) cell membrane Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 2 membranes porins |
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Periplasmic space
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surrounds cell membrane
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protoplast
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Gram + cell loses cell wall (cell membrane left) |
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Spheroplast
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gram - cell loses cell wall (outer membrane and cell membrane left) |
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Cytoplasmic membrane
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lipid bilayer with proteins site of ATP synthesis Regulate passage of nutrients in/out of cell plays a role in DNA replication |
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nucleoid
|
location of DNA and chromosomes
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plasmid
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certain other nonessential extrachromosomal DNA gives bacteria an edge to survive |
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Svedberg UNit
|
S unit to measure how fast molecules move in a centrifuge |
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Eukaryotic Ribosome
|
80 S
|
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Prokaryotic ribosme
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70 S
|
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Granules/ Inclusions
|
storage of nutrients
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Bacterial endospore
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substance cell produces to protect its DNA dormant bodies heat, chemical, and radiation resistant common in clostridium and bacillus |
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Spore cycle
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vegetative state- cell depleted of nurients Chromosome duplicates and seperates Septum (wall) separated into sporangium and forespore Sporangium engulfs endospore Sporangium actively synthesizes spore layers around forespore Cortex and outer coat layers are dposited Mature endospore Free pore is released Germination- spore swells and releases vegetative cell |
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Archaea
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prokaryotic microorganisms Found in extreme enviornments sterols are long chain branched hydrocarbons with ester linkages 70 S |
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Bergey's manual of Determinative Bacteriology
|
identifies and differentiates unknown microbial species classification system |
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Grancilicutes
|
gram - cell wall thin skinned |
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Firmicutes
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gram + cell wall thick and strong |
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Tenericutes
|
lack of cell wall (soft) |
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Mendosicutes
|
Archaea with unusual cell walls
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subspecies/strain/type
|
bacteria of same species with differing characteristics
|
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sterotype/serovar
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representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody (serum) responses in their hosts
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phylum
|
division
|
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Bacteriophage |
Bacterial virus |
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Mannitol salt agar |
Staphylococcus |
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Peptidoglycan |
Cell wall Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure |
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Cytoskeleton |
Determines shape of many bacteria |
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Chitin |
Found in fungi and arthropods |
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Mannitol salt agar |
Staphylococcus |
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MacConkey agar |
Gram negative (lactose fermentation) |
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Obligate intracellular parasites |
Has to go into the cell to replicate (Rickettsia, Chlamydia) |
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Atrichous |
Bacteria that lack flagellum |
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Peptidoglycan |
Cell wall Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure |