Microbiology Chapter 1: Introduction & History Of Microbiology

Front 1

An inventor of the microscope. His microscopes were made of a single lens and could magnify from 270X-500X. He termed tiny organisms "animalcules" (beasties)

Back 1

van Leeuwenhoek

Front 2

Study of organisms too small to see by the unaided eye

Back 2

Microbiology

Front 3

Organisms considered to be microorganisms

Back 3

1) Bacteria

2) Fungi

3) Virus

4) Protozoa

5) Algae

6) Archaea

7) Parasitic Worms

Front 4

Unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic eurkaryotes

Back 4

Algae

Front 5

Groups of single-cell organisms that are prokaryotes. The cells of this group have a cell wall and are generally smaller than eukaryotes. An example of a member of this group is Staphylococcus aureus which is the most common nosocomial infection.

Back 5

Bacteria

Front 6

Group of organisms whose cells are eukaryotic and must obtain food from other organisms. They differ from animal cells because they have a cell wall. A representative of this group is brewer's and baker's yeast.

Back 6

Fungi

Front 7

Single-celled microorganisms that are similar to animal cells in nutritional needs and cellular structure. Most are capable of motion through use of pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella

Back 7

Protozoa

Front 8

Generic term for a group of organisms whose members are extremely small. Technically, this group is not alive. An example is Ebola.

Back 8

Virus

Front 9

Microorganism that causes disease in humans

Back 9

Pathogen

Front 10

Term for the origin of life that states that new organisms come from parental organisms.

Back 10

Biogenesis

Front 11

Term for the origin of life that states that lower forms of life arose from precursors or rotting material

Back 11

Spontaneous generation

Front 12

Scientist that dispelled the notion of spontaneous generation in macroorganisms when he placed a piece of meat into a jar that was covered by a net.

Back 12

Redi

Front 13

Scientist who presented evidence for spontaneous generation. He proposed that there was a "life force" that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life. Although incorrect, his improper sterilization lead to the discovery of spores.

Back 13

Needham

Front 14

Scientist who showed not even microorganisms can come from nonliving things. He cooked broth in a flask which was then sealed. He observed no growth in the broth. When the flask was opened, growth was apparent indicating that microorganisms came from that air that entered the flask.

Back 14

Spallanzani

Front 15

"King" of microbiology. He disproved spontaneous generation by performing experiments with swan-necked flasks. He also developed methods to kill microbes that cause spoilage in food (although many other microorganisms survive!)

Back 15

Pasteur

Front 16

Scientific Method

Back 16

Observation->Hypothesis->Experiment->Results (repeat Experiment) ->Conclusion ....Theory->Law or Principle

Front 17

Educated guess to explain a phenomenon. It proposes a testable set of factors that will result in the phenomenon.

Back 17

Hypothesis

Front 18

Scientist that was an inventor of the microscope. His microscope has a single lens that could magnify up to 30X. He used his microscope to describe the structure of cork.

Back 18

Hooke

Front 19

Cell Theory

Back 19

*All known living things are made up of cell

*The cells is the structural and functional unit of all living things

*All cells come from pre-existing cells by division

*Cells contain hereditary info that is passed from cell to cell during cell division

*All chemicals are basically the same in chemical composition

*All energy flow (metabolism) of life occurs within cells.

Front 20

Two scientists that described the structure of animal and plant cells. They proposed that all living things are made from smaller units and that new units come from pre-existing units by division.

Back 20

Schleiden & Schwann

Front 21

Hypothesis formulated by Pasteur in 1857 that microorganisms are responsible for disease

Back 21

Germ Theory of Disease

Front 22

Austrian-Hungarian physician that instituted practices to reduce puerperal (childbed) fever in maternity wards. He is considered the pioneer of antiseptic policy and the prevention of nosocomial infection.

Back 22

Semmelweis

Front 23

Techniques that eliminate transfer of microorganisms from one place to another

Back 23

Antiseptic Technique

Front 24

British surgeon considered to be the father of modern surgery. He developed procedures to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds using aseptic technique.

Back 24

Lister

Front 25

Founder of modern nursing; found that poor nutrition and unsanitary conditions led to high death rate of wounded soldiers

Back 25

Nightingale

Front 26

Scientist that is considered to be the father of bacteriology. He was the first scientist to use agar to solidify culture medium. He devised a method to identify the specific microorganism that is causing a disease.

Back 26

Koch

Front 27

Koch's Postulates

Back 27

*The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals

*The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in a pure culture

*The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal

*The organism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal.

Front 28

Scientist that coined the phrases "chemotherapy" and "magic bullet". He also invented a precursor technique to the Gram stain.

Back 28

Ehrlich

Front 29

Antimicrobial drug developed Gerhard Domagk. It undergoes bioactivation in the liver to become sulfanilamide. This drug is a member of the sulfa drugs, a class of drugs still in use today

Back 29

Prontosil

Front 30

Microbiologist that discovered lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme that is produced in tears. He is most noted for observing that a colony of mold (Penicillium) could inhibit the growth of bacterial (S. aureus) cells. This led him to propose antibiosis.

Back 30

Flemming

Front 31

Term used to describe natural antimicrobial products that are modified in a laboratory to make them more effective.

Back 31

Semisynthetic

Front 32

Scientist that was first to use variolation to give individuals protection from smallpox. A thread was dipped into the fluid of smallpox vesicle. The thread was then drawn through the skin of an individual. Often the procedure would work but there was a high risk of smallpox transmission.

Back 32

Montague

Front 33

The study of the body's specific defenses against pathogens.

Back 33

Immunology

Front 34

2 Prokaryotic Microbes

Back 34

Bacteria & Archaea

Front 35

Microbes with cell walls

Back 35

Bacteria & Archaea

Front 36

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Back 36

Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Parasitic Worms

Front 37

Types of Fungi & How Many Cells

Back 37

1) Yeast - Unicellular

2) Mold - Multicellular

Front 38

Protozoa - Acellular, Unicellular, Multicellular?

Back 38

Unicellular

Front 39

Algae Properties

Back 39

Unicellular or Multicellular

Photosynthetic

Eukaryotes

Front 40

Virus Properties

Back 40

Acellular

Obligatory parasites composed of small amount of genetic material

Front 41

Scientist to put an end to the theory of spontaneous generation?

Back 41

Louis Pasteur

Front 42

Scientist to discover bacteria caused disease

Back 42

Koch (anthrax)

Front 43

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 43

2 names given to specific organism

Front 44

7 Steps of Classification

Back 44

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Specific epithet (Species)

(Kate, Please Come Over For Great Sex)

Front 45

The 5 Kingdoms

Back 45

(Robert Whittaker)

Monera (or Prokaryotae)

Protista

Fungi

Animalia

Plantae

Front 46

A system of "either-or" choices

Back 46

Dichotomous Key

Front 47

Scientist that improved upon the 5 kingdom classification system and organized it into 3 domains. This is necessary since archaebacteria are different from eubacteria and eukaryotes.

Back 47

Woese

Front 48

Kingdom of organisms that lack internal organelles, are unicellular, and have a cell size smaller than eukaryotes

Back 48

Prokaryotae

Front 49

Kingdom whose organisms are all eukaryotes, some are capable of movement, some are capable of photosynthesis, and can reproduce asexually as well as sexually

Back 49

Protista

Front 50

Group of microorganisms that cannot be classified into the 5 kingdoms because they are not alive. Microorganisms in this group are very specific with regard to the species and type of cells they infect and reproduce

Back 50

Viruses

Front 51

Cells that lack nucleus

Back 51

Prokaryote

Front 52

Kingdom whose organisms are all eukaryotes, multicellular, capable of photosynthesis, and can reproduce asexually as well as sexually

Back 52

Kingdom Plantae

Front 53

Domain of prokaryote organisms that can be found in our every day environment. There may be 50 kingdom of organisms in this domain.

Back 53

Bacteria

Front 54

Kingdom whose organisms are all eukaryotes, multicellular, DO NOT have cell walls, and reproduce sexually. Reproduction of new organisms involves development from an embryo.

Back 54

Kingdom Animalia

Front 55

Kingdom whose organisms are all eukaryotes, saprophytic and can be unicellular or multicelluar

Back 55

Fungi

Front 56

Domain of prokaryote organisms that live in extreme environments i.e. hot sulphur springs, deep ocean thermal vents. They have differences in cell walls structure and rRNA from other bacteria. There may be 3 kingdom of organisms in this domain.

Back 56

Archaea

Front 57

The ways in which organisms are grouped should reflect their evolution from common ancestors

Back 57

Phylogenetic hierarchy