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157 Cards in this Set
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Bacterial shapes |
cocci bacilli vibrio spirilla spirochete |
spheres rods curved rods twisted rods flexible twisted rods |
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Treponema pallidum |
gram negative |
causes syphilis |
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Cyanobacteria |
gram negative |
photosynthetic |
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Heterocyst |
found in photosynthetic bacteria fix N2 |
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Streptomyces |
gram positive |
found in soil grows as branching filaments |
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S |
Svedberg unit sedimentation coefficient |
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50 S |
23S rRNA + 5S rRNA + >30 proteins |
large ribosomal subunit |
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30 S |
16S rRNA + >20 proteins |
small ribosomal subunit |
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70 S |
total prokaryote ribosome |
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Intracytoplasmic membranes |
increase area for photosynthesis stacked flattened vesicles/tubules derived from p.m. |
photosynthetic bacteria |
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Inclusions |
discrete granules |
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Storage granules |
glycogen PHB polyphosphate |
used as a source of energy/phosphates and a source of atoms for biosynthesis |
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PHB |
synthesized from acetyl groups |
poly(B)hydroxybuterate |
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Polyphosphate |
nucleotide triphosphate
phospholipids |
polymer of phosphate |
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Carboxysomes |
multiple copies of the same protein and contains sequentially acting enzymes 1) Carbonic anhydrase 2) RuBisCo |
selectively permeable polyhedral shell: O2 cannot enter, CO2 cannot exit, HCO3- can enter |
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In Carboxysomes: ____ is converted into _____ by enzyme one, which is then converted into ______ by enzyme two |
HCO3- CO2 G3P |
1) Carbonic anhydrase 2) RuBisCo |
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G3P |
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate |
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Carbonic anhydrase |
converts bicarbonate into CO2 |
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RuBisCo |
converts CO2 into G3P |
has a higher affinity for O2, the selectively permeable membrane (of carboxysome) prevents O2 from inhibiting CO2 fixation |
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Gas Vacuoles |
hollow capped cylinders |
regulates buoyancy
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Magnetosomes |
crystals of magnetite (fe3O4) magnetosomes for a chain
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direct away from O2 and down toward nutrients |
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Phospholipids |
fatty acids linked to glycerol by ester bonds |
amphipathic |
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Two classes of proteins |
Integral proteins
peripheral proteins |
hydrophobic force
ionic bonds |
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80 S |
40S rRNA + 60S rRNA |
Eukaryotic ribosomes
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Primary transport systems |
ATP |
ABC transport system |
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Secondary transport systems |
Ion gradient (H+) |
MFS
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Group Traslocation |
solute is modified |
PTS |
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ABC |
ATP Binding Cassette |
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ABC transporter system |
uses ATP to transport solutes across plasma membrane cellular (capsule) components and antibiotics are exported |
SBP + pore + NBD |
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ABC transport protein |
permease and nucleotide binding domain |
integral membrane domain cytoplasmic peripheral domain |
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SBP |
periplasmic space of gram-and peripheral protein in gram+ Specific solute binding causes shape conformation and can bind to a specific ABC transport protein |
solute binding protein |
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NBD |
hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy for the uptake of solutes |
nucleotide binding domain |
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MFS transporter |
secondary transport system use H+ ions to transport solutes across plasma membrane |
major facilitator super family |
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Lac Y uptake in E. coli |
MFS symporter |
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Lactose |
glucose + galactose disaccharide |
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MFS symporter |
H+ and solute transported in the same direction |
Lac Y protein transports lactose and H+ |
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MFS antiporter |
H+ is transported in the cell and solute transported out |
efflux of antibodies |
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Ionophores |
increases the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions |
destroys the proton gradient
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Gramicidin |
antibiotics that forms pores in plasma membrane |
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Glycolysis |
glucose -> (ATP->ADP) -> glucose 6 P -> 2 G3P -> 2 PEP -> (2 ADP -> 2 ATP) -> 2 pyruvate |
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PEP |
phosphoenolpyruvate |
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PTS |
used for uptake of sugars energy provided by PEP |
phosphotranspherase system |
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non-specific proteins for sugar uptake |
E-I HPs |
in the cytoplasm
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HP |
histodine protein |
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E-II A |
cytoplasm |
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E-II B |
peripheral cytoplasmic side phosphorylation of E-II B causes conformation change in E-II C |
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E-II C |
permease integral plasma membrane |
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Iron |
required for function of enzymes O2 transoprt electron transport chain insoluble in soil |
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Transferrin |
transports Fe3+ in blood |
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Lactoferrin |
binds to Fe3+ in tears |
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Chelator |
an agent that has a high affinity for a metal ion |
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Siderophore |
iron carrier |
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Fep A |
integral outer membrane receptor |
Iron protein A |
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Ton B |
integral plasma membrane with periplasmic domain |
energy transducer and interacts with Fep A
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Fe3+ siderophore complex |
binds to Fep A, transported through the pore and binds to a specific SBP. After going through the ABC an enzyme releases the iron |
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Translocation |
transportation into the periplasm |
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Secretion |
released outside the cell |
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Exoenzymes |
hydrolyse large nutrients outside the cell |
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Protease |
proteins -> amino acids |
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Lipase |
triglyceride -> glycerol + fatty acids |
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Cellulase |
cellulose -> glucose |
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Amylase |
starch -> glucose |
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Sec system |
insert proteins into plasma membrane or remove unfolded proteins into the periplasm |
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Signal peptide |
hydrophobic slows the folding of preprotein |
25 amino acid peptide
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Preprotein |
signal peptide + protein |
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Sec B |
cytoplasmic chaperone protein inhibits folding delivers it to Sec A |
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Sec YEG |
integral pm translocator uses PMF |
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Sec A |
inner surface of Sec YEG ATPase |
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Signal peptidase |
outer surface of plasma membrane removes the signal peptide from preprotein |
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T3SS |
hollow syringe in gram-negative bacteria |
type 3 secretion system |
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T4SS |
used in conjugation in gram-negative it secretes proteins into the cytoplasm |
type 4 secretion system |
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Sex pilus |
tubular structure attached to the outer surface T4SS |
gram-negative |
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Helicobacter pyloria |
gram negative helical shaped rod injects Cag A in stomach epithelial cells |
T4SS stomach ulcers and cancers |
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Gram-positive cell wall |
peptidoglycan teichoic acids (plasma membrane) lipo |
30 layers thick |
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Gram-negative cell wall |
thin peptidoglycan lipoproteins |
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Glycan chain |
long chain of two alternating sugars: NAG NAM |
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NAG |
glucose + amine group + acetyl group |
N-acetylglucosamine |
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NAM |
NAG + lactic acid |
N-acetylmuramic acid |
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Pentapeptides |
N-terminus - L-ala - D-glu - L-lys - D-ala - D-ala - C-terminus |
attached to NAMs |
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Peptide interbridge |
C terminus attached to N terminus of L-lys. N terminus attached to C terminus of D-ala |
Gram-positive |
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L-lys |
3rd peptide in gram+ diamino acid amino group on the R group covalently links to C terminus of interbridge |
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Tetrapeptide |
2nd peptide after interbridge crosslinks are formed |
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Teichoic acid |
extends through peptidoglycan attached to sugar alcohols attached to NAM negative surface charge (PO43-) in gram-positive |
teichoic + lipoteichoic polyanionic polymer of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphates |
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Mycobacterium |
mycolic acids on outersurface makes it hydrophobic |
gram-positive rods that dont gram stain well |
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Tuburculosis |
Mycobacterium tuburculosis |
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Leprocy |
Mycobacterium leprae |
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Mycolic acids |
protects against dehydration and slows nutrient uptake |
lipids covalently linked to peptidoglycan in gram-p |
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Acid fast stain |
1) red primary stain - phenol + heat 2) acid alcohol decolorized 3) blue counterstain |
acid fast bacteria = red, non-acid fast bacteria = blue |
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DAP |
replaces L-lys in gram- links to R group of peptides directly |
diaminopimedic acid |
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Outer membrane |
inner leaflet = phospholipids outer leaflet = lipopolysaccharides |
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LPS |
lipid A core polysaccharide O antigen negative charge of cell from PO43- on core polysaccharides |
lipopolysaccharides |
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Lipid A |
endotoxin 2 glucose amines with phosphates attached to each 6 fatty acids |
causes fevers, shock, death |
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Core Polysaccharides |
several sugars, some phosphorylated |
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O antigen |
polysaccharide of repeating sugars |
negative charge on gram- |
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Mg2+ |
divalent cation that neutralize phosphate charges on Lipid A and excludes hydrophobic molecules |
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EDTA |
divalent cation chelator to gram- destroys outer membrane and releases periplasmic contents |
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Bile salts |
hydrophilic group + cholesterol = amphipathic molecule can emulsify phospholipid membrane |
inhibits growth of gram+ |
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Porins |
trimers B barrel hydrophilic R group in pore outer membrane functions as sieve |
periplasmic proteins cant get out, exogenous proteins cant get in |
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Non-specific porins |
any small -philic molecules pass freely |
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Specific porins |
constricted channel with several amino acids with charged R group |
charged + for phosphate porin in E. coli |
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Lipoproteins |
phospholipid leaflet of outer membrane C-terminus is covalently linked to DAP anchors to peptidoglycan |
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Mycoplasm |
no cell wall smallest autonomously growing species polymorphic |
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Walking Pneumonia |
Mycoplasm pneumoniae |
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UDP |
nucleotide diphosphate cytoplasmic assembly of peptidoglycan subunits |
uridine diphosphate |
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Bactoprenol phosphate |
55C lipid + PO43- hydrophobic hydrocarbon in plasma membrane moves NAG NAM pentapeptide into periplasm |
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Autolysins |
periplasmic enzyme breaks covalent bond btw NAG + NAM in glycol chain breaks peptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan |
enables insertion of new subunits so peptidoglycan can grow |
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Transglycosylase |
covalently links NAG NAM to glycan chain |
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Transpeptidase |
breaks terminal D-ala - D-ala bond, uses energy to form new peptide bond btw terminal D-ala tetrapeptide and amino group of DAP |
covalently links peptides(transpeptidation) |
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Bactoprenol diphosphate |
flipped across plasma membrane with NAG NAM pentapeptide. loses phosphate when flipped back |
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Bacitracin |
prevents dephosphorilation of bactoprenol diphosphate |
stops peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Penicillin |
size of 2 amino acids blocks active site of transpeptidase |
autolysins continue and cell lyses |
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Ampicillin |
penicillin + amino group = ionized and positive charge can cross outer membrane of gram- |
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Vancomycin |
large stops transpeptidation by binding to pentapeptide |
autolysins continue |
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Lysozyme |
120 amino acid enzyme hydrolyses bonds of NAG NAM |
found in tears, saliva, lysosomes |
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isotonic solution |
15% sucrose |
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Protoplast |
cell w/o cell wall cell rounds up can still grow |
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Spheroplasts |
fragmented peptidoglycan cell rounds up can still grow |
gram-negative |
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Hypertonic solution |
protoplast or spheroplast will lyse |
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Capsule / Slim layer |
sticky polysaccharides seen with negative stain attachments to surfaces (biofilms) hydrophobic, prevents desication inhibits phagocytosis |
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Biofilms |
group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface |
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Capsules |
adhears to cell tightly |
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Slim layer |
not as organized or tightly attached to cell |
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Leuconostoc |
gram-positive cocci LAB capsule composed of dextran capsule is used as plasma volume expands |
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LAB |
lactic acid bacteria |
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Dextran |
branched polymer of glucose |
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Xanthomonas |
gram-negative rod capsule is heteropolysaccharide xanthan gum |
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Xanthan gum |
food stabilizer and thickener |
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S layer |
sheet of tetragon/hexagonal proteins adhears to outer membrane (gram-) and peptidoglycan (gram+) under capsule/slim layer |
excludes large molecules, allows teichoic acid and O antigen to poke through |
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Bdello vibrio |
aquatic gram-negative polar flagellum |
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The attack of the of the Bdello vibrio |
1) prey is gram- w/o S layer
2) flagella bores through outer membrane with enzymes 3) damages plasma membrane and leaks cytoplasmic contents 4) grows into long filaments and divide into individual cells |
cytoplasmic contents provide energy and nutrients unusual method of replication the prey is lysed and Bdellovibrio are released |
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Fimbriae / Pili |
multiple subunits of proteins arranged in a helix fiber by hydrophobic force and noncovelent bonds with an adhesive protein at the tip |
thin filaments located all over the cell adheres to cell or surfaces |
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Chaperone / Usher system |
chaperone prevents assembly in the periplasm usher complex assemble fimbriae |
helps build fimbriae from the proximal end |
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Sex Pilus |
filament composed of multiple protein subunit larger in diameter and longer than finbriae |
used in conjugation to overcome electrostatic barrier btw cells copy of plasmid is transferred from donor to recipient using T4SS |
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F plasmid |
genes for the synthesis of sex pilus and T4SS |
in E. coli |
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Conjugation |
two bacterial cells come together in a temporary fusion to transfer genetic material |
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Monotrichous |
one polar flagella |
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Peritrichous |
multiple flagella all over |
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Flagella components |
Basal body + hook + filament |
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Basal body |
hollow central rod + 4 protein rings |
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L ring |
associated with the LPS |
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P ring |
associated with the peptidoglycan |
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MS ring |
inserted in the plasma membrane (M=membrane, S=surface) |
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C ring |
on the cytoplasmic side of MS ring, indirectly attached to rod made of multiple copies of fli proteins |
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Fli proteins |
fli G, M, N |
C ring |
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Mot proteins |
motor proteins surrounds the MS ring Mot A and Mot B form proton channel |
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Mot A |
anchors the Mot A/Mot B complex to the peptidoglycan |
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Mot B |
forms proton channel w Mot A |
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Hook |
short curved sleeve that connects to the rod of the basal body and filament |
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Flagella filament |
semirigid hollow helical filament made of multiple copies of flagellin |
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Flagellin |
synthesized in the cytoplasm transported through hollow core of rod and attaches to distal end |
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Stater |
stationary use PMF to turn router produces a conformation change in Mot proteins |
Mot proteins |
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Router |
rotation of C ring turns MS ring, attached rod, hook, and filament
|
C ring |
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Bushings |
a structure that constrains moving mechanical parts protects peptidoglycan and outer membrane |
P ring, L ring |
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Counterclockwise |
default setting hook bends, filaments form rotating bundle |
run |
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Clockwise |
undoes the bundle of filament cell stays in the same area random direction |
tumble |
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Influences movement |
frequency of run/tumble # of tumbles random changes in direction length of run |
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Lipoteichoic acids |
Attached to the phospholipid of the plasma membrane |
Glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate |