Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stratum corneum |
- Outermost layer of the epidermis - thin outer portion of the skin - consists of many rows of dead cells |
|
Dermis |
- Inner, relatively thick portion of skin composed mainly of connective tissue - Hair follicles, sweat gland ducts, and oil gland ducts provide passageways through which microbes can enter and penetrate deeper tissues |
|
Perspiration |
- Provides moisture and some nutrients for microbial growth - Contains salt, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides also |
|
Sebum |
- Secreted by oil glands, is a mixture of lipids (unsaturated fatty acids), proteins, and salts that prevents skin and hair from drying out - Can also be nutritive and inhibitive to pathogens |
|
Diphtheroids |
- Gram positive pleomorphic rods of normal flora - Typically anaerobic and inhabit hair follicles - Growth by sebum, produce propionic acid which helps maintain low pH of skin (3-5) Ex: Propionibacterium acnes |
|
Vesicles Bullae Macules Papules Pustules |
- Small, fluid-filled lesions - When they are larger than about 1 cm in diameter - Flat, reddened lesions - Raised lesions - Lesions that contain pus |
|
Exanthem Enanthem |
- A skin rash that arises from disease conditions - A mucous membrane rash that arises from disease conditions |
|
Staphylococcus Streptococcus |
- Two genera of bacteria that are frequent causes of skin-related diseases - May produce invasive enzymes and damaging toxins |
|
Staphylococcus |
- Spherical gram positive genus of bacteria - Form irregular clusters - Many produce coagulase (enzyme that clots fibrin in the blood) |
|
1. Nasal
2. 20 3. Golden-yellow 4. positive 5. toxins 6. sepsis 7. opsonization 8. chemotaxis 9. phagosomes 10. MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) |
Staphylococcus aureus is carried in the __1__ passages of __2__% of the population. They form __3__ colonies and are coagulase __4__. May produce damaging __5__ and proteins that kill phagocytic cells and cause __6__. Avoids host defenses in the skin. Depending on the strain, can resist __7__, block __8__ of neutrophils, and survive within __9__. __10__ strains are antibiotic resistant.
|
|
Folliculitis |
- Infections that enter the body through the hair follicle Ex: Pimples, sty, furuncles (boil) |
|
Abscess |
- Localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue Ex: Furuncle (boil) |
|
Carbuncle |
- Extensive damage from when neighboring tissue of the furuncle is progressively invaded - At this stage, patient has symptoms of generalized illness with fever |
|
Impetigo |
- Highly contagious skin infection (Age 2-5 Susceptible) spread by direct contact - Mainly caused by staphylococcus aureus but also Streptococcus pyogenes - Main form is nonbullous sore - Crusting sores |
|
Autoinoculation |
- Process where pathogen can spread to surrounding areas after penetrating some minor break in the skin |
|
Bullous impetigo Scalded skin syndrome |
Two serotypes of a staphylococcal toxin in which toxin A remains localized and causes __________ and toxin B which circulates to distant sites and causes ____________. Toxin B causes exfoliation. |
|
Pemphigus neonatorum |
- Impetigo of the newborn, in which its outbreaks of bullous impetigo are frequent problems at hospital nurseries |
|
Toxic Shock Syndrome |
- Fever, vomiting, and a sunburnlike rash are followed by shock and sometimes organ failure, esp. kidneys - Result of staphylococcal growth - Caused by toxic shock syndrome 1 in the bloodstream (TSST-1) |
|
Hemolysins |
- Characteristic of and classifications of streptococci that describe lysing of blood cells |
|
Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci |
- Often associated with human disease, further differentiated into serological groups according to antigenic carbohydrates in their cell walls Ex: group A streptococci (GAS) = Streptococcus pyogenes that release streptolysins |
|
Streptolysins |
- Enzymes produced by streptococci that lyse red blood cells and toxic to neutrophils |
|
M Protein |
- Antigenic property that subdivide group A streptococci - Prevents activation of complement and allows microbe to evade phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils, immune system avoidance - Helps adherence and mucous membrane colonization - Hyaluronic acid capsule that is poorly immunogenic |
|
Group A Strep (GAS) |
- Produces substances that promote the rapid spread of infection through tissue and by liquefying pus - Produces virulence factor, 80 immunological types Ex: streptokinases, hyaluronidase, deoxyribonucleases, streptolysins, M proteins |
|
Necrotizing fasciitis |
- Exotoxin A acts as superantigen - Group A streptococcal infection precipitated by minor breaks in the skin, destroys tissue as rapidly as surgeons can remove it - Systemic toxicity - Often associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome which resembles staphylococcal TSS |
|
- Bacteremia more likely - Rash is less likely - M protein - fibrinogen complex binds to neutrophils - Higher mortality rate |
4 Differences between Streptococcal TSS and Staphylococcal TSS |
|
Epidermidis |
- Thin outer portion of skin; composed of layers of epithelial cells |
|
Keratin |
Waterproofing protein coating outer layer of epidermis |
|
Lysozyme |
Enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls |
|
Mucous Membranes |
- Line the body cavities open to the exterior - Tightly packed epithelial cells attached to an extracellular matrix - Secretes _____; some cells have cilia - Often acidic - Often folded to maximize surface area |
|
Tears |
- Contains lysozyme - Washes the membrane of the eyes |
|
1. drying 2. high salt 3. positive 4. cocci 5. staphylococci 6. micrococci 7. sweat |
The normal microbiota of the skin is resistant to ___1___ and ___2___ concentration. There are large numbers of gram __3__ __4__, such as ___5___ and ___6___. Areas with moisture have higher populations which metabolize ___7___ and contribute to body odor. |
|
Postherpetic neuralgia |
affects nerve fibers and skin, causing burning pain that lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles disappear. |
|
1. Rubeola 2. Measles Virus 3. Ribonucleic acid 4. Morbillivirus |
Measles, AKA ____1____ is caused by the ___2___ which is an enveloped ___3___ acid of the genus ___4___.
|
|
Measles
|
- Coldlike symptoms; macular rash; Koplik's spots: Red spots on oral mucosa opposite molars; Encephalitis in 1/1000 cases - Respiratory - Prevention: MMR vaccine; <1 year old cannot receive; 95% effective but cases occur where people do not develop or retain good immunity |
|
Measles
|
virus replicates in nose and throat cells; 5-7 days after exposure, infection spread through blood to skin, eyes and respiratory tract; rash appears after 3-4 days spreading from face and neck to trunk and extremities; most persons recover but severe forms involve bleeding from skin and mucosa; <5 years develop otitis media and pneumonia; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
|
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
- mild mental deterioration (memory loss), changes in behavior (irritability) followed by disturbances in motor functions - Seizures and blindness may occur. May lose the ability to walk as muscles stiffen or spasm; progressive deterioration to comatose state, then to persistent vegetative state. Death is usually result of fever, heart failure, or brain's inability to continue controlling autonomic nervous system - Rare, occurs 1-10 years after recovery of measles |
|
Streptolysins M Proteins Strepokinases Hyaluronidase |
4 substances secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)
|
|
Streptolysins
|
- Enzymes that lyse red blood cells
|
|
Hyaluronidase
|
- Enzyme that dissolves connective tissue
|
|
Streptokinase
|
- Enzyme that dissolves blood clots
|
|
1. Variola 2. Orthropoxvirus 3. Respiratory Routes 4. Systemic 5. Major |
Smallpox AKA ___1___ is caused by the ___2___, which are typically transmitted via ___3___ and become ___4___. Many cause problems in children and developing fetuses. ___5___ type has 20% mortality and __6__ type has less than 1%. |
|
Smallpox
|
- Considered potential bioterrorism agent - Vaccination can completely eradicate from human population |
|
1. Varicella 2. Varicella-Zoster 3. Herpes-Zoster 4. Reye's 5. Aspirin 6. Ganglia 7. Attenuated |
Chickenpox AKA ___1___ is caused by the ___2___ virus whereas Shingles is caused by the ___3___ virus. ___4___ Syndrome is from a severe complication of chickenpox, leading to vomiting and brain dysfunction. __5__ can increase risk. Virus becomes latent in the central nerve __6__, prevention can come from live __7__ vaccine.
|
|
Chicken Pox
|
- Breakthrough can occur if previously vaccinated - Symptoms include pus-filled vesicles - Respiratory mode of transmission |
|
Shingles
|
- Reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus that moves along peripheral nerves to the skin; due to stress or lowered immunity; follows distribution of affected cutaneous sensory nerves along one side of body - Can lead to postherpetic neuralgia Prevention: Zoster vaccine; Treatment: antiviral drugs may lessen symptoms |
|
1. cold sores 2. genital warts |
Herpes Simplex has subtypes HSV-1 that causes __1__ and HSV-2 that causes ___2___. 90% of the population is infected, are not the cause of canker sores.
|
|
1. Rubella 2. MMR 3. Congenital rubella 4. 15% |
German Measles caused by __1__ can be prevented with the __2__ vaccine but is not recommended for pregnant women. ___3___ syndrome can cause fetal damage, deafness, heart defects, mental retardation and has a __4__ mortality rate.
|
|
German Measles
|
- 2 to 3 week incubation period - Macular rash and light fever |
|
Fifth disease
|
- AKA erythema infectiosum - Caused by human parvovirus B19 - Mild flu-like, "slapped-cheek" facial rash |
|
Roseola
|
- Caused by Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 - High fever and body rash - Recovery within 1-2 days, leads to immunity |
|
Hand-foot-mouth disease
|
- Caused by the enterovirus - Fever and sore throat, rash on specific areas - Usually in children, spread by mucous or saliva |
|
Dermatomycoses
|
- Cutaneous infection caused by ringworm AKA tinease (fungal) - Metabolizes keratin |
|
Tinea capitis: Scalp Tinea cruris: Jock itch Tinea pedia: Athlete's foot Tinea unguium: Nails |
4 Types of Ringworm and where it infects
|
|
Candidiasis Candida albicans |
- Caused by yeast (fungal) that forms pseudohyphae, making it resistant to phagocytosis, results when antibiotics suppress competing bacteria or a change occurs in the mucosal pH - Fulminating disease in the immunosuppressed |
|
Scabies
|
- Sarcoptes scabiei mites lays eggs after burrowing in skin - Causes inflammatory skin lesions - Treatment: permethrin |
|
Conjunctivitis
|
- AKA pink eye - Eye membrane inflammation associated with unsanitary contact lenses |
|
Conjunctivitis
|
- Can be caused by Haemophilus influenza, pseudomonads (Gram negative aerobic) or adenoviruses
|
|
Trachoma
|
- Leading cause of blindness worldwide; secondary infection can also be factor - Caused by chlamydia trachomatis, through hand contact or flies - Permanent scarring abrading cornea - Treatment: Oral azithromyocine |