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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the positive result of a catalase test?
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Bubble formation
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What is the negative result of a catalase test?
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No bubbles
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What is the reagent used in a catalase test?
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Hydrogen peroixde
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What does catalase test for?
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Aerobic respiration
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The catalase enzyme breaks down peroxides into what?
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H2O and O2
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Formation of __ are converted to toxic hydrogen peroxides.
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H+ ions
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What is the name of the reagent used in a oxidase test?
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Kovac's reagent
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Enzyme that reacts with O2 and produces a purple color change after adding Kovac's reagent?
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Oxidase
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What does oxidase test for?
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The reduction of oxygen
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Negative result of oxidase test?
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No purple color change after adding Kovac's reagent
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Carbohydrates can be broken down by what?
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Fermentation
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A pH indicator that indicates acid production?
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Phenol red
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Phenol red changes to what color in carbohydrate fermentation?
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Red --> Yellow
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What is the purpose of a Durham tube in carbohydrate fermentation?
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Collects gas
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Positive result of carbohydrate fermentation?
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Yellow color change with or without gas production
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Negative result of carbohydrate fermentation?
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No color change with or without gas production
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Lactose, glucose, sucrose, and O/F are examples of what?
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Carbohydrates
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What is MR?
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Methyl red
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The end products of fermentation are what?
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Acids
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What is the pH indicator of MR?
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Methyl red
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MR looks for bacteria that have acid production and __?
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Acetoin
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A red color change indicates acid production in MR. What kind of a result is this?
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Positive result
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What is the negative result of MR?
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No color change (yellow)
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Starch hydrolysis tests for what enzyme?
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Amylase
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What is used to detect amylase?
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Gram's iodine
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Amylase and a water molecule break down polysaccharides into __?
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Glucose
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What is the positive result of starch hydrolysis?
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A clear halo after Gram's iodine
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The negative result of starch hydrolysis?
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Media is dark blue/brown
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In the nitrate reduction test, nitrate is reduced to what?
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Nitrite
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The reagent PABA is used for what test?
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Nitrate reduction
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After adding PABA to a tube with an organism in it, the media changed color to orange. This is a __ result.
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Positive
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No color change after the addition of PABA indicates a __ result.
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Negative
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What is the agar used to test for H2S production?
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PIA - Peptone Iron Agar
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If an organism has H2S production in it, what is formed to show this?
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A black precipitate known as iron sulfide
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Peptone Iron agar is used to test for __?
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Hydrogen sulfide production
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Enzymes function to raise activation energy of reactions.
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False
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The agar named Simmons is used for what test?
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Citrate production
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What is the purpose of a citrate test?
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It tests for the ability to utilize citrate as a carbon source
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What is the enzyme used in a citrate production test?
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Citrase
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Citrase transport __ to make it available for energy catabolizing processes.
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Citrate
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Citrate production also tests for the presence of what as a result of citrate utilization?
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Alkaline products
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What is the name of the indicator used for citrate tests?
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Bromothymol blue
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Citrate that is utilized means that a positive result. What is the positive result?
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A green to blue color change
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No color change is a negative result.
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True
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Tryptophanase is an enzyme for what amino acid?
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Tryptophan
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What test checks for the presence of tryptophanase?
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Indole production
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What is the reagent used for indole production?
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Kovac's reagent
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What is the positive result of indole production?
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Dark blue ring at the top of media
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What is the negative result of indole production?
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Gray ring at the top of media
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Two molecules of ammonia are the end products of the breakdown of what?
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Urea
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What enzyme does urea have?
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Urease
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Phenol red is the pH indicator of urea hydrolysis.
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True
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What is the original media color for a urea test?
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Peach
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If an organism tested positive for urea, what color is the media?
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Bright pink
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Phenylalanine deaminase is an enzyme that knocks out amine groups of molecules to form ___ acid.
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Phenylpyruvic
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Phenylalanine deamination used what reagent to detect phenylpyruvic acid?
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Ferric chloride
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Phenylalanine deamination utilizes what amino acid?
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Phenylalanine
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Positive result of phenylalanine deamination?
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Dark green color slant
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Negative result of phenylalanine deamination?
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No color change
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What does BEA stand for?
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Bile Esculin Agar
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Is BEA a differential or selective media?
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It is both differential and selective.
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How is BEA selective?
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The bile salts prevent Gram positive bacteria to grow
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How is BEA differential?
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BEA differentiates bacteria that can hydrolyze esculin
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A positive result of BEA is growth of bacteria and no color change of media.
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False
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A bacteria tested positive on the BEA media. What does it mean to be positive?
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There is growth of bacteria and a black color change of media.
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What is the abbreviation of Mannitol Salt Agar?
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MSA
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MSA is used for the isolation of what organisms?
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G+
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How is MSA selective?
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The high salt concentrations prevents growth of some bacteria
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How is MSA differential?
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MSA differentiates bacteria by the ability to ferment Mannitol into acid
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A positive result of MSA includes growth and a color change of the media from red to yellow. What does the color change indicate?
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That the bacteria was able to ferment the Mannitol into acid
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If a bacteria tested positive for growth, but was not able to ferment the Mannitol. What does the result look like?
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+/-
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What does EMB stand for?
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Eosin Methylene Blue
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Is EMB selective or differential?
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Differential
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EMB is selective by preventing G- organisms to grow.
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False
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The media that differentiates between lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting bacteria is?
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EMB
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EMB uses two indicator dyes. What are the names of the dyes?
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Eosin and methylene blue
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Non-lactose fermenters form dark centers and clear borders on colonies.
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False
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What is the positive result of EMB?
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Growth and bacteria color change. Bacteria have dark centers and clear borders.
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What do we use MacConkey agar?
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To identify lactose fermenting G- organisms
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How is MacConkey selective?
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Inhibits growth of G+ organisms
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Bacteria that can ferment lactose turn MacConkey media to any variation of the color red.
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True
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What is the positive result of MacConkey media?
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Growth and color change of media
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What is the negative result of MacConkey media?
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Growth and no color change
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Normal flora is harbored on our __ and __ __.
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Skin and mucous membranes
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Properties that help microbes cause disease are called __.
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Virulence factors
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Microbes carry enzymes that lyse red blood cells. What is this called?
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Hemolysis
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What is SBA?
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Sheep Blood Agar
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What is plasma?
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Blood that has clotting factors but no RBCs or WBCs
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What is coagulase?
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Microbes that contain enzymes that cause blood to clot
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What is a positive result of a coagulase test?
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Solidification of plasma
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What are plasmids?
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Small extra-chromosomal elements that often carry genes for antibiotic resistance
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A bacterial genome is made up of __ and __.
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Bacterial chromosomes and plasmids
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What does "high copy number" mean?
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The highest number of copies of a gene product
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The name of the plasmid that was used in lab that contains ampicillin resistance gene.
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pGLO
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What is the exoenzyme that the ampicillin resistance gene have?
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Ampicillinase
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What is the sugar that turn "on" the glow portion of the plasmid?
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Arabinase
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What is GFP and where is it found?
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Green fluorescence protein; and it is found in pGLO
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The presence of __ determine fecal contamination.
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Indicator organisms
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Indicator organisms are present in human wastes in low numbers to be detected.
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False
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What is the most used commonly indicator organisms?
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Coliforms
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What are Coliforms?
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Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic G- rods
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Coliforms ferment lactose.
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True
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Multiple tube technique contain two tests to be done. What are the tests?
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Presumptive test and a confirmation test.
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What does MPN stand for?
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Most Probable Number
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