Micro Exam 4

Front 1

MHC ____ is present on all cells EXCEPT RBCs and recognizes ENDOGENOUS antigens.

Back 1

One! 1.

Front 2

MHC ___ is present on antigen presenting cells (APCs)!!! This includes B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells! It recognizes EXOGENOUS antigens!

Back 2

Two! 2.

Front 3

____________ - a collection of genes coding for MHC molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells of the body.

Back 3

Major Histocompatibility Complex.

Front 4

_______ ________ antigens are glycoproteins found in the membranes of most cells of vertebrate animals.

Back 4

Major histocompatibility

Front 5

_______________________ Hold and position antigenic determinants for presentation to T cells.

Back 5

Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen-Presenting Cells

Front 6

MHC _________ : Present on all cells except red blood cells & Recognizes endogenous antigens.

Back 6

Class 1 (one).

Front 7

MHC _______ : Present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), Include B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, & Recognizes exogenous antigens.

Back 7

Class II (two.)

Front 8

_____________ (_________) are glycoproteins that are present in both the blood and tissue fluids.

Back 8

Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins)

Front 9

The basic structure of an antibody monomer consists of _____________________ held together by disulfide bonds.

Back 9

four protein chains

Front 10

The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the ___________ region, for “fragment of antigen binding.”

Back 10

Fab.

Front 11

The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The Fab region is the variable region, which serves as ____________________________.

Back 11

the site of antigen binding.

Front 12

The constant region of the antibody molecule includes the trunk of the Y and lower portion of each arm of the Y. The trunk of the Y is also called the ________________________________________.

Back 12

Fc region, for “fragment of crystallization

Front 13

Properties of _______ : Molecules that the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack / Recognized by three-dimensional regions called epitopes on antigens.

Back 13

Antigens

Front 14

Large foreign macromolecules make the best ______.

Back 14

Antigens.

Front 15

Primary lymphoid organs:

Back 15

Red bone marrow & Thymus.

Front 16

_________________: Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

Back 16

Secondary lymphoid organs

Front 17

______________ is the body's ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products.

Back 17

Adaptive immunity

Front 18

Five attributes of adaptive immunity?

Back 18

Specificity, Inducibility, Clonality, Unresponsiveness to self, & Memory.

Front 19

Two main types of lymphocytes: _____________ who Mature in the bone marrow. __________ who Mature in the thymus.

Back 19

B lymphocytes (B cells) ; T lymphocytes (T cells)

Front 20

Two types of adaptive immune responses: _____________ immune responses, & ____________ immune responses.

Back 20

Cell-mediated ; Antibody (humoral)

Front 21

Explain how the response by lymphocytes to a second infection by a pathogen can be much faster than the first.

Back 21

Lymphocytes produced MEMORY CELLS during the first infection, providing ACTIVE IMMUNITY.

Front 22

______ vaccine: Weakened strain of whole pathogen. Examples: chicken pox, german measles, mumps, TB, typhoid...

Back 22

Live attenuated vaccine.

Front 23

_____ vaccine: Whole pathogen killed or inactivated with heat, chemicals, or radiation. Examples: Cholera, hep A, influenza, plague, rabies...

Back 23

Inactivated vaccine.

Front 24

______ vaccine: Immunogenic antigens. Examples: Anthrax, hep B, influenza, meningitis, pneumonia, whooping cough...

Back 24

Subunit vaccine.

Front 25

_____ vaccine: Inactivated bacterial toxin. Examples: Botulism, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus...

Back 25

Toxoid vaccine.

Front 26

_____ vaccine: Capsule polysaccharide conjugated to protein. Examples: Meningitis...

Back 26

Conjugate vaccine.

Front 27

Which vaccine is this?

Pros: Cellular & humoral immunity, long-lasting immunity, transmission to contacts.

Cons: Difficult to store and transport, risk of infection in immunocompromised patients, risk of reversion.

Back 27

Live attenuated vaccine.

Front 28

Which vaccine is this?

Pros: Ease of storage and transport, no risk of severe active infection.

Cons: Weaker immunity (humoral only), higher doses and more boosters required.

Back 28

Inactivated vaccine.

Front 29

Which vaccine is this?

Pros: Lower risk of side effects.

Cons: Limited longevity, multiple doses required, no protection against antigenic variation.

Back 29

Subunit vaccine.

Front 30

Which vaccine is this?

Pros: Humoral immunity to neutralize toxin.

Cons: Does not prevent infection.

Back 30

Toxoid vaccine.

Front 31

Which vaccine is this?

Pros: T-dependent response to capsule, better response in young children.

Cons: Costly to produce, no protection against antigenic variation, may interfere with other vaccines.

Back 31

Conjugate vaccine.

Front 32

An _________ is a chemical that provokes a generalized activation of the immune system that stimulates greater antibody production. It is often mixed with the antigen prior to injection.

Back 32

Adjuvant.

Front 33

Which molecular fragment on an antigen molecule do antibodies recognize and respond to?

Back 33

Epitope.

Front 34

A molecule that is too small to be antigen is known as a(n) ________. These molecules are typically associated with ________.

Back 34

hapten; allergies

Front 35

Which class of antibody is the most abundant in serum?

Back 35

IgG

Front 36

Which class of antibody provides protection against parasitic pathogens?

Back 36

IgE

Front 37

On an antibody, where do phagocytic cells bind during antibody-mediated opsonization?

Back 37

Fc region

Front 38

Which MHC class is mostly likely found on macrophages?

Back 38

class II

Front 39

Which process describes the cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies so the kidney and spleen can filter them from the blood?

Back 39

agglutination

Front 40

Which complement cascade begins with antibodies binding to a pathogen?

Back 40

classical only

Front 41

T cells mature in which location?

Back 41

thymus

Front 42

A cell that has been infected with an intracellular pathogen will be targeted for destruction by which type of lymphocyte?

Back 42

CD8+ cytotoxic T cell

Front 43

After antigen presentation and activation, antibodies are produced and secreted by which cells?

Back 43

plasma cells

Front 44

Which protein released by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells generates pores in target cells?

Back 44

perforin

Front 45

Vaccines are an example of which class of immunity?

Back 45

active artificially acquired

Front 46

Which vaccine would be most protective against diphtheria?

Back 46

toxoid

Front 47

Which vaccine would be most protective against the capsule-forming pathogen Neisseria meningitidis?

Back 47

conjugate

Front 48

What is sebum?

Back 48

an oily substance released from sebaceous glands that contributes to defense

Front 49

What is pus?

Back 49

visible accumulation of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria at the site of infection

Front 50

Defensins target which process or structure of a microbial cell?

Back 50

cell membrane

Front 51

_______ is the term to describe the process that occurs when an immune cell releases cytokines to nearby cells to trigger a response?

Back 51

paracrine

Front 52

__________ is the differentiation of stem cells into various blood cells?

Back 52

hematopoiesis

Front 53

True/False: A monocyte is an agranulocyte.

Back 53

True.

Front 54

_____ is a leukocyte used for protection against protozoa and helminths.

Back 54

eosinophil

Front 55

Which leukocyte initiates inflammation?

Back 55

mast cell

Front 56

Mast cells and basophils release which chemical moderator?

Back 56

histamine

Front 57

________ is the initial compartment a pathogen enters after being engulfed by a macrophage?

Back 57

phagosome

Front 58

Adaptive immunity is an acquired defense against foreign pathogens that is characterized by ________________.

Back 58

specificity and memory

Front 59

The first exposure to an antigen stimulates a _______________, and subsequent exposures stimulate a faster and strong ___________________.

Back 59

primary response ; secondary response

Front 60

Adaptive immunity is a dual system involving ___________________ (antibodies produced by B cells) and ______________ (T cells directed against intracellular pathogens).

Back 60

humoral immunity ; cellular immunity

Front 61

__________, also called immunogens, are molecules that activate adaptive immunity.

Back 61

Antigens

Front 62

A single antigen possesses smaller ________, each capable of inducing a specific adaptive immune response.

Back 62

epitopes

Front 63

___________ (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped glycoproteins with two Fab sites for binding antigens and an Fc portion involved in complement activation and opsonization.

Back 63

Antibodies

Front 64

Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped glycoproteins with two ______ sites for binding antigens and an ________ portion involved in complement activation and opsonization.

Back 64

Fab ; Fc

Front 65

The five classes of antibody are _________________________ each differing in size, arrangement, location within the body, and function.

Back 65

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD

Front 66

The five primary functions of antibodies are...?

Back 66

neutralization, opsonization, agglutination, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Front 67

_____________________________ is a collection of genes coding for glycoprotein molecules expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells.

Back 67

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Front 68

________ molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and are essential for presentation of normal “self” antigens. Cells that become infected by intracellular pathogens can present foreign antigens on ______ as well, marking the infected cell for destruction.

Back 68

MHC I

Front 69

Antigen-presenting cells: ? ? ?

Back 69

macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

Front 70

_________ molecules are expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells). Antigen presentation with _______ is essential for the activation of T cells.

Back 70

MHC II

Front 71

Antigen presentation with _______ is essential for the activation of T cells.

Back 71

MHC ll

Front 72

_________________ primarily ingest pathogens by phagocytosis, destroy them in the phagolysosomes, process the protein antigens, and select the most antigenic/immunodominant epitopes with MHC II for presentation to T cells.

Back 72

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Front 73

_________________ is a mechanism of antigen presentation and T-cell activation used by dendritic cells not directly infected by the pathogen; it involves phagocytosis of the pathogen but presentation on MHC I rather than MHC II.

Back 73

Cross-presentation

Front 74

Immature T lymphocytes are produced in the ___________ and travel to the ______ for maturation.

Back 74

red bone marrow ; thymus

Front 75

______________ is a three-step process of negative and positive selection that determines which T cells will mature and exit the thymus into the peripheral bloodstream.

Back 75

Thymic selection.

Front 76

______________ involves negative selection of self-reactive T cells in the thymus, and _______________ involves anergy and regulatory T cells that prevent self-reactive immune responses and autoimmunity.

Back 76

Central tolerance ; peripheral tolerance

Front 77

The _____ is similar in structure to immunoglobulins, but less complex. Millions of unique epitope-binding ______ are encoded through a process of genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J gene segments.

Back 77

TCRs

Front 78

T cells can be divided into three classes—____________________—based on their expression of CD4 or CD8, the MHC molecules with which they interact for activation, and their respective functions.

Back 78

helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells

Front 79

Once activated, _______________ target and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens. Killing requires recognition of specific pathogen epitopes presented on the cell surface using MHC I molecules. Killing is mediated by perforin and granzymes that induce apoptosis.

Back 79

cytotoxic T cells

Front 80

Once activated, cytotoxic T cells target and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens. Killing requires recognition of specific pathogen epitopes presented on the cell surface using MHC I molecules. Killing is mediated by __________ and __________ that induce apoptosis.

Back 80

perforin ; granzymes

Front 81

_____________ are bacterial or viral proteins that cause a nonspecific activation of helper T cells, leading to an excessive release of cytokines (_____________) and a systemic, potentially fatal inflammatory response.

Back 81

Superantigens ; cytokine storm

Front 82

_____________________ produce antibodies involved in humoral immunity.

Back 82

B lymphocytes or B cells

Front 83

B cells are produced in the _________, where the initial stages of maturation occur, and travel to the _________ for final steps of maturation into naïve mature B cells.

Back 83

bone marrow ; spleen

Front 84

_________________ are membrane-bound monomeric forms of IgD and IgM that bind specific antigen epitopes with their Fab antigen-binding regions. Diversity of antigen binding specificity is created by genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J segments similar to the mechanism used for TCR diversity.

Back 84

B-cell receptors (BCRs)

Front 85

Protein antigens are called _____________ because they can only activate B cells with the cooperation of helper T cells. Other molecule classes do not require T cell cooperation and are called _________________.

Back 85

T-dependent antigens ; T-independent antigens

Front 86

______________________ of B cells involves cross-linkage of BCRs by repetitive nonprotein antigen epitopes. It is characterized by the production of IgM by plasma cells and does not produce memory B cells.

Back 86

T cell-independent activation

Front 87

__________________ of B cells involves processing and presentation of protein antigens to helper T cells, activation of the B cells by cytokines secreted from activated TH2 cells, and plasma cells that produce different classes of antibodies as a result of class switching. Memory B cells are also produced.

Back 87

T cell-dependent activation

Front 88

Adaptive immunity can be divided into four distinct classifications: ????

Back 88

natural active immunity, natural passive immunity, artificial passive immunity, and artificial active immunity.

Front 89

____________ is the foundation for vaccination and vaccine development. Vaccination programs not only confer artificial immunity on individuals, but also foster herd immunity in populations.

Back 89

Artificial active immunity

Front 90

Modern vaccination was developed by __________________, who developed the practice of inoculating patients with infectious materials from cowpox lesions to prevent smallpox.

Back 90

Edward Jenner

Front 91

___________ and ___________ contain whole pathogens that are weak, killed, or inactivated.

Back 91

Live attenuated vaccines ; inactivated vaccines

Front 92

________, _________, and __________ contain acellular components with antigens that stimulate an immune response.

Back 92

Subunit vaccines ; toxoid vaccines ; conjugate vaccines

Front 93

_______________ provides a first line of defense against infection by nonspecifically blocking entry of microbes and targeting them for destruction or removal from the body.

Back 93

Nonspecific innate immunity

Front 94

The ________________ involves numerous precursor proteins that circulate in plasma. These proteins become activated in a cascading sequence in the presence of microbes, resulting in the opsonization of pathogens, chemoattraction of leukocytes, induction of inflammation, and cytolysis through the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC).

Back 94

complement system

Front 95

__________ are proteins that facilitate various nonspecific responses by innate immune cells, including production of other chemical mediators, cell proliferation, cell death, and differentiation.

Back 95

Cytokines

Front 96

Granulocytes are leukocytes characterized by a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm. These include...

Back 96

neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, and basophils.

Front 97

_____________ are the leukocytes found in the largest numbers in the bloodstream and they primarily fight bacterial infections.

Back 97

Neutrophils

Front 98

_______ target parasitic infections.

Back 98

Eosinophils

Front 99

________ and __________ are involved in allergic reactions. Both release histamine and other proinflammatory compounds from their granules upon stimulation.

Back 99

Eosinophils and basophils

Front 100

___________ function similarly to basophils but can be found in tissues outside the bloodstream.

Back 100

Mast cells

Front 101

________________ are lymphocytes that recognize and kill abnormal or infected cells by releasing proteins that trigger apoptosis.

Back 101

Natural killer (NK) cells

Front 102

___________ are large, mononuclear leukocytes that circulate in the bloodstream. They may leave the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues, where they differentiate and become tissue-specific macrophages and dendritic cells.

Back 102

Monocytes.

Front 103

Monocytes are large, mononuclear leukocytes that circulate in the bloodstream. They may leave the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues, where they differentiate and become tissue-specific ______________________.

Back 103

macrophages and dendritic cells.

Front 104

Phagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, known as ____________________________________.

Back 104

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Front 105

The receptors that bind PAMPs are called _________________________. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one type of PRR found on phagocytes.

Back 105

pattern recognition receptors, or PRRs

Front 106

The five cardinal signs of inflammation are _____________________________________________. These largely result from innate responses that draw increased blood flow to the injured or infected tissue.

Back 106

erythema, edema, heat, pain, and altered function

Front 107

True/False: T-independent immunity is weak, disappears quickly, and induces little memory

Back 107

True

Front 108

MHC ___________ : Present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)Include B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, Recognizes exogenous antigens

Back 108

class ll

Front 109

MHC _____ : Present on all cells except red blood cells, Recognizes endogenous antigens

Back 109

class I

Front 110

Classes of antibodies: ________ – first antibody produced

Back 110

IgM

Front 111

Classes of antibodies : _____ – most common and longest-lasting antibody

Back 111

IgG

Front 112

Classes of antibodies:_______ – associated with body secretions

Back 112

IgA

Front 113

Classes of antibodies: ______ – involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies

Back 113

IgE

Front 114

Classes of antibodies : ____ – exact function is poorly understood

Back 114

IgD