Micro Bio Exam 1 Set 2

Front 1

What type of eukaryote structure is always unicellular

Back 1

Protozoa

Front 2

What type of eukaryotic organism may be unicellular or multicellular

Back 2

Fungi in algae

Front 3

What type of eukaryotic organism is always multicellular

Back 3

Helminths. But ahve unicellular egg or larval forms

Front 4

Why are eukaryotic flagella different than bacterial flagella

Back 4

They are thicker and covered by an extension of the cell membrane. And are long and cylinder containing regularly shaped microtubules

Front 5

Eukaryotic cilia

Back 5

Are similar to flagella and structure but are smaller and more numerous. And are found only in a single group of protozoa in certain animal cell

Front 6

The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell

Back 6

The outermost layer composed of polysaccharides. Can appear as a network of fibers, slime layer, or a capsule. It contributes to protection adherence in Signal reception

Front 7

Which eukaryotes do not have a cell wall

Back 7

Protozoa and helminths

Front 8

The cell wall of fungi

Back 8

Is rigid and provide structural support and shape. Is a thick layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose. And has a thin outer layer of mixed glycans

Front 9

What is chromatin made of

Back 9

DNA and histone proteins

Front 10

What does a cytoplasmic membrane serve as

Back 10

A selectively permeable barrier with a bilayer of phospholipids

Front 11

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 11

Has ribosomes that are attached to its membrane surface

Front 12

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 12

Has closed networks without ribosomes. Nutrient processing. In the synthesis and storage of non protein macromolecules such as lipids

Front 13

Golgi apparatus

Back 13

The site of protein modification and shipping. Consists of several flattened disc shaped sacs called cisternae

Front 14

Lysosomes vesicles

Back 14

Contain enzymes involved in digestion of food particles and protection against invading microorganisms. Participate in the removal of cell debris in damaged tissue

Front 15

Vacuoles vesicles

Back 15

Are membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted or stored. Contents are digested through a merger between the vacuole and lysosome

Front 16

Mitochondria

Back 16

Composed of smooth continuous out of membrane with an inner membrane that has tubular inner folds called cristae. It is the PowerHouse of the cell

Front 17

Chloroplast

Back 17

Are found in algae and plant cells. They are capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Produce oxygen gas as a byproduct

Front 18

Ribosomes

Back 18

Are distributed throughout the cell. Can be found in short chains a poly ribosomes. Or large and small subunits of ribonucleic protein

Front 19

The cytoskeleton

Back 19

Functions are anchoring organelles. Permitting shape changes. And movement. The three types of elements are actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Front 20

Fungi

Back 20

Mushrooms, puffballs, Gill fungi. Molds yeast. Dear unicellular, Colonial, complex and multicellular

Front 21

Hyphae

Back 21

Long thread-like cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi.

Front 22

Pseudohypha

Back 22

Chain of yeast cells

Front 23

Mucelium

Back 23

The Woodland intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold

Front 24

SEPTA

Back 24

Segments are cross walls found in most fungi that allow the flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments

Front 25

Vegetative hyphae

Back 25

Responsible for the visible mass of growth

Front 26

What does the reproductive are fertile hyphae do

Back 26

Produce spores

Front 27

The protozoa

Back 27

Has 65,000 species of single-celled organism. Most are harmless in Free Living inhabitants of water and soil. A few species of parasites are responsible for hundreds of millions of factions each year

Front 28

What is the protozoan form and function

Back 28

There are single-celled containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplast.

Front 29

Ectoplasm

Back 29

The clear outer layer involved in Locomotion feeding and protection in cytoplasm in a protozoa

Front 30

Endoplasm

Back 30

The granular inner region housing the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and vacuoles in the cytoplasm in a protozoa

Front 31

Trophozoite in a protozoa

Back 31

The motile feeding stage with crying ample food and moisture to stay active

Front 32

What is a cyst in a protozoa

Back 32

The dormant resting stage when conditions in the varmint become unfavorable. There was distant to heat and drying and chemicals. Important factor in the spread of disease

Front 33

Some prednisone groups exist only in the

Back 33

Trophozoite face but many alternate between this stsge and the cyst stage

Front 34

Trichomonas vaginalis

Back 34

A common STD that does not form sis and must be transmitted by intimate contact

Front 35

Entamoeba histolytica and giardia lambilia

Back 35

Form cyst in are readily transmitted in contaminated water and food

Front 36

Helminths

Back 36

Are flatworms

Front 37

Trematodes

Back 37

Sexes can be seperate or hermaphrodites

Front 38

Cestodes. Tapeworms

Back 38

Hermaphrodite

Front 39

Nematodes

Back 39

Sexes are separate and different in appearance

Front 40

Helminth life cycle

Back 40

Must transmit an effective form to the body of another host. In the host in which the larvae develops is known as an intermediate host. Adulthood in mating occur in the definitive host

Front 41

Enterbius vermicularis

Back 41

Pinworm, common in large intestine

Front 42

The helminth cycle

Back 42

Eggs are swallowed in are hatched in the intestine. Larvae matures into adults within one month, in male and female worms mate. Females migrate to the anus to deposit eggs. Intense itching occurs in scratching spreads the eggs

Front 43

What is the smallest virus

Back 43

Parvovirus. 20 nanometers

Front 44

What is the largest virus

Back 44

Pandoravirus

Front 45

What are the viral components of a virus

Back 45

External coating, core containing one or more nucleic acid strains of DNA or RNA, and sometimes one or two enzymes. Repeating subunits give rise to their crystalline appearance

Front 46

What is a capsid

Back 46

Protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid

Front 47

What are the different types A viruses shapes

Back 47

Helical (cylinder), icosahedral (sphere shape), and complex

Front 48

What is the envelope

Back 48

External covering of a nucleocapsid which is usually a modified piece of the host cell's membrane

Front 49

DNA viruses can be

Back 49

Single or double stranded

Front 50

RNA viruses are typically

Back 50

Single stranded

Front 51

What is a retrovirus

Back 51

They carry their own enzymes to create DNA out of RNA

Front 52

What is the difference between positive and negative sense RNA

Back 52

Negative sense RNA must be converted before translation

Front 53

What are the general phases of the animal viral replication cycle

Back 53

Absorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release

Front 54

What is absorption

Back 54

When a virus attacks a cell. It may have a Host range which limits what cells a virus can infect. Cells that lack compatible receptors are resistant to absorption

Front 55

What cells does polio virus attack

Back 55

Intestinal and nerve cells

Front 56

Penetration

Back 56

Can happen in two ways. Endocytosis or direct penetration which is a fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane

Front 57

Uncoating

Back 57

Enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid. Virus fuses with the wall of the vesicle. And viral nucleic acid is released into the cytoplasm

Front 58

Synthesis in a DNA virus

Back 58

They enter the host cell nucleus and replicate or replicate in the cytoplasm

Front 59

Synthesis in a RNA virus

Back 59

Replicates in the cytoplasm

Front 60

How do retroviruses synthesize

Back 60

They turn their RNA genomes into DNA and then inserts into host cell genome

Front 61

Assembly

Back 61

Virus is put together using Parts manufactured during synthesis process

Front 62

Release

Back 62

The number of viruses released by infected cells

Front 63

Cytopathic effects

Back 63

Virus induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance.

Front 64

What are inclusion bodies

Back 64

Compacted masses of viruses are protein components

Front 65

What is Syncytia

Back 65

Function of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei

Front 66

Persistent affections

Back 66

When the cell Harbor's the virus and is not immediately lysed

Front 67

A provirus

Back 67

Viruses that incorporate into the DNA of the host which can be then passed down to several rounds of cell division such as HIV

Front 68

Chronic latent stage

Back 68

Periodically between activated under the influence of various stimuli, such as herpes simplex and herpes zoster virus

Front 69

Viruses and cancer

Back 69

Experts estimate that 20% of cancers are caused by viruses.

Front 70

What is transformation in a virus

Back 70

The effect of oncogenic are cancer-causing viruses. Some viruses carry genes that directly cause cancer. Other viruses produce proteins that induce a loss of growth regulation leading to cancer

Front 71

How can transform cells cause cancer

Back 71

The increase rate of growth, alterations in chromosomes, changes in cell surface molecules, and the capacity to divide indefinitely

Front 72

Oncoviruses

Back 72

Mammal and viruses that are capable of initiating tumors such as the papilloma virus, herpes, and hepatitis B

Front 73

Bacteriophage

Back 73

Bacteria eating and are often make the bacteria that infect more pathogenic

Front 74

T even bacteriophage

Back 74

Infect e-coli

Front 75

Lysogeny

Back 75

A condition in which the host chromosome carries viral DNA. Viral DNA enters an inactive state are inserted into bacterial chromosome and copied during normal bacterial cell division. Induction is a virus and a lysogenic cell becomes activated and progresses in viral replication

Front 76

What is the danger of lysogeny in human disease

Back 76

Can cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause pathology and humans. Lysogenic conversion is when a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage.

Front 77

Satellite viruses

Back 77

Are dependent on other viruses replication. Such as the adeno-associated virus and the Delta agent

Front 78

Non cellular infectious agents

Back 78

Prions. Is an agent in Encephalitis. It isn't disposited as long protein fibers in the brain with no nucleic acid. Creutzfeldt jakob disease. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Front 79

Treatment of animal virus infections

Back 79

Most antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting the function of host cells. Draco causes of virus infected cells to destroy themselves. Vaccines