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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Symbiosis/Relationship The relationship is really a spectrum of interactions |
• Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism |
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Symbiosis/Relationship : both benefit– Highly evolved and stable relationship– Termites and protozoa –wood |
:Mutualism |
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Symbiosis :-one benefits and otherunaffected |
:Commensalism |
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– Normal flora- housed and fed – Microbial antagonism (Collectively prevent infection by pathogen) • Long lasting and stable relationship • Result of long term evolution |
commensalism |
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One benefits at expense of other |
Parasitism |
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• Pathogen-causes disease • Metabolically unstable relationship • Host dies or eliminates pathogen • Most successful parasites– maintain life processes without severelydamaging host |
Parasitism |
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Sequence of Conditions :Organisms present but no harm done(Inanimate & animate objects)/short time periodColonization: present on tissues: (Static or Growing) |
Contamination : |
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Sequence of Conditions :- multiplies and invades tissueMay have no observable effectsOr may have Signs & Symptoms of disease |
Infection: |
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Sequence of Conditions :- disrupts state of health, homeostasis isdisrupted. |
:Disease |
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Capacity to produce disease |
Pathogenicity |
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Pathogenicity Capacity to produce diseaseFactors Include: |
– Adherence, Multiply on host, Ability to invade host or cause damage, Avoid being damaged by host’ defenses |
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Intensity of disease produced |
virulence |
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microorganism becomes more virulentwith each transfer through same/host species |
animal passage |
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For example: – influenza- first person usually milder, then more severe. – organism better able to produce damage – eventually reaches height of virulence – population acquires immunity |
animal passage |
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– some usually mild; others fatal – greater from infected person than a carrier – Infective dose: # of organisms required to cause clinical disease |
virulence the intensity increases |
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Weakening of disease producing ability ofpathogen |
Attenuation |
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– pathogen passed to new host species and passedseveral times within that species – eventually microorganism adapts to new hostand can’t cause disease in original host – Pasteur & rabies vaccine-passed virus thoroughrabbits; became harmless to humans |
Transposal of virulence |
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*Weakening of disease producing ability ofpathogen *Transposal of virulence – pathogen passed to new host species and passedseveral times within that species – eventually microorganism adapts to new hostand can’t cause disease in original host – Pasteur & rabies vaccine-passed virus thoroughrabbits; became harmless to humans |
Attenuation |
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1 x10 13 body cells with 1 X1014 bacterial cell – 10 times more microorganisms than cells – Majority in colon |
Normal Flora (resident flora) Human body |
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Viruses, fungi, protozoa not found in high #s |
Normal Flora/Human Body |
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:always present – Areas always exposed to or communicate with externalenvironment – Usually do not cause disease – Adapted to prevailing conditions |
Resident flora: |
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– Acquired rapidly during & after birth – Changes continuously through out life – Reflects age, nutrition, & environment of person |
resident flora |
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all normal flora are known as |
opportunists |
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• Usually cause no disease • Conditions allow them to cause disease – Failure of host’s normal defenses • Immunocompromised• Radiation or chemotherapy• Advance age or youth• Malnutrition• Other disease |
Opportunists(all normal flora) |
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Presence of microorganisms, multiplication butno invasion– Normal flora– Transient flora |
colonization |
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skin, colon, upper respiratory tract |
have micro organisms |
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Most tissues & organs of the body are |
free of microorganisms |
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normal flora can block/stop other organisms from taking up space |
microbial antagonism example: – Via competition for nutrients, space etc.– Produce harmful substances : toxins– pH in vagina maintained by bacteria 3.5-4.5• Prevents C. albicans from growing• Antibiotics allow yeast to grow and cause infection, change inpH |
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• Ensures normal development of immune system • Prevent over growth of harmful organism: |
Advantage of Normal Flora :microbial antagonism |
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Disadvantage of Normal FloraPotential for spread into sterile parts ofbody |
• Intestine may perforate• Skin broken• Extraction of tooth• Perianal skin flora enters urinary tract |
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1• Adherence: glycoproteins/receptors 2• Colonization: growth on tissue surface 3• Invasion of Tissues: MolecularEnhancement Factors |
Sequence of Infection at the CellularLevel but really we focus on 2 starting and then 3 |
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enzyme destroys hyaluronicacid(holds cells together) skin as the portal ofentry its substrate is hyalmronic acid coarum sysening* is what is happening here |
Hyaluronidase |
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accelerates blood coagulation *a growth medium |
Coagulase |
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dissolves clots *the blood clots reach a certain density they turn on this |
Streptokinase |
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destroy neutrophils & macrophages *destroy white blood cells, they are toxins |
Leukocidins |
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are enzyme exotoxins that lyseRBCs *destroy rbc's |
Hemolysins |
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– partial breakdown ofhemoglobin |
Alpha (α) hemolysin |
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- complete breakdown ofhemoglobin |
Beta hemolysin |
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- No breakdown of RBC’s |
Gamma hemolysis |
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is a substance poisonous to otherorganisms. |
A toxin |
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is an altered toxinthat is used to produce antibodies |
A toxoid |
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– soluble substances secreted intohost tissues |
Exotoxins |
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– part of the cell membrane (G-)released during cell division or lysis. |
Endotoxins |
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Clinical Presentation of DiseaseSigns, Symptoms, and Syndromes observable disease characteristic |
sign |
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Clinical Presentation of Disease Signs, Symptoms, and Syndromes – disease characteristic felt only bythe patient. (pain, nausea, malaise) |
Symptom |
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Clinical Presentation of Disease Signs, Symptoms, and Syndromes – combination of signs andsymptoms indicative of a particular disease. |
Syndrome |
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• Inherited• Congenital• Degenerative• Nutritional Deficiency• Endocrine• Mental• Immunological |
Noninfectious Diseases |
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Noninfectious Diseases: Terms - Some are caused by viruses |
Neoplastic* |
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Noninfectious Diseases: Terms -caused by any medical procedures,(sub-set of Nosocomial Infections) |
Iatrogenic |
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Noninfectious Diseases: Terms -unknown cause |
Idiopathic |
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Types of Infectious Diseases:Caused by Infectious Agents :diseases develop rapidly and run their coursequickly. |
Acute: |
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Types of Infectious Diseases: Caused by Infectious Agents :diseases develop more slowly and persist forlong time. |
Chronic: |
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: agent remains inactive for a time andlater becomes active |
Latent diseases: |
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Types of Infectious Diseases: Caused by Infectious Agents :are confined to a specific area of thebody |
Local infections: |
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Pathogens are widely distributed in : |
:many tissues in systemic infections. |
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Types of Infectious Disease (talking about acute here) – initial infection in ahealthy person |
Primary (1degree) infection |
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Types of Infectious Disease – another infection inpeople weakened by the 1degree infection. |
Secondary (2degree) infection |
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Types of Infectious Disease : is caused by the distruction ofnormal microflora from broad-spectrumantibiotics |
A superinfection: |
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Stages of Disease - time between initialinfection and first appearance of Sighns and symptoms period |
Incubation period |
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stages of disease Patient is contagiousFactors:– Dependent upon virulence of organism– #s of organisms (infective dose)– Resistance of host– Site of entry into body |
Incubation period |
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• Short period–only in some diseases, mildnon-specific symptoms.• Patient is contagious |
Prodromal Period is in some diseases and not in others |
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• Period of illness-most acute/very intense |
Invasive Period |
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• The time when the S &S are intense • Overt signs and symptoms • Cough – Damage to mucosal cells by microbes – Excess mucous released – Neural centers elicit coughing |
Invasive Period |
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The time when the S &S are at their greatest intensity is called |
Acme |
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S & S subside• Host defenses & treatment overcome thepathogenRegain strength & recovery• Tissues repaired• Healing |
decline |
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Secondary infections may occur in this phase will not happen before, has to happen in this phase if at all |
decline |
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• In some diseases, effects remaining after thedisease are called Sequelae• Examples: scarring, heart or kidney damage• In some cases sequelae are more harmfulthan the disease; (blindness after shingles) |
Convalescence Period (make sure you know how to spell convalescence) |
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In some diseases, effects remaining after the disease are called |
Sequela a lot of times its worse than the disease. |
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stages of a acute disease |
incubation period, prodromal phase, invasive phase, acme,decline, convalescence period |