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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four different types of antibodies?
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IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
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What is the main class of immunoglobulin?
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IgG
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Which immunoglobulin can form a dimer?
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IgA
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Which immunoglobulin produces a pentamer?
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IgM
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Which immunoglobulin causes alergic reactions?
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IgE
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Where are IgD immunoglobulins found?
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On B-Cell Membranes.
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What is the name of the process where antigen binds to IgM or IgG, changing the antibodys shape?
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Compliment Fixation
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What is the primary defense against foreign cells like bacteria?
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Compliment Fixation
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How long does it take the Primary Response to peak?
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7-10 Days
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Which immunoglobulin is the primary response primarily associated with?
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IgM
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What is a secondary response?
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It is the second encounter of B-Cells to the same antigen.
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Where are the antigens located that Helper T Cells can locate?
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MHC II
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Where can Cytotoxic T Cells recognize antigens?
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MHC I
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What do T-helper cells secrete to attract other immune cells?
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Cytokines
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What is the purpose for suppressor T cells?
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To slow down the immune response.
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Where do Memory T Cells come from?
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Cytotoxic T Cells
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Which type of T Cells can cause an allergic reaction?
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Delayed-Hypersensitivity T Cells
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What are the three types of Cytokines?
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IL - 1
IL - 2 Gamma Interferon |
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What type of cell secretes IL -1 ?
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Macrophages
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What does IL - 1 activate?
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Helper T Cells
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What type of cell secretes IL - 2?
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Helper T Cells
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Which cytokine helps to activate macrophages?
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Gamma Interferon
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Which cell secretes Gamma Interferon?
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Helper T Cells
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What activates null cells?
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IL-1 + IL-2 + Gamma Interferon
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What type of a response does a virus normally ellicit?
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A Cell-Mediated Response
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What protein does Cytotoxic T Cells produce?
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Perforin
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What do lymphotoxins target?
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DNA
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What can kill cancer cells in 2-3 Days?
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Tumor Necrosis Factor
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What lymphokine keeps macrophages in the area?
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Migration Inhibiting Factor
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What are two artificial methods of immunization?
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Active and Passive Immunization
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A Vaccine is a type of what immunization?
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Active Immunization
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A transfer of antibodies formed by another individual or animal is what type of immunization?
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Passive
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What are the three general types of vaccines?
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Attenuated
Killed Toxoid |
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What are the three general types of vaccines?
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Attenuated
Killed Toxoid |
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Using a live strain of reduced virulence for a vaccine is termed?
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Attenuation
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How can viruses be attenuated?
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By raising them in tissue culture cells for which they arent adapted.
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Which type of vaccine requires a booster vaccine?
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Inactivated
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What are toxoid vaccines?
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Chemically or thermally modified toxins to stimulate immunity.
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What is serum called that is used for passive immunizations?
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Anti-Serum
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What is an over reaction?
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Hypersensitivity
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What is an inadequate response?
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Immunodeficiency
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What is an allergy?
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WHen the immune system reacts to an antigen that it normally ignores.
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What is an exxagerated response?
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Hypersensitivity
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What is an ordinarily innocuous substance?
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allergen
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What is an initial recognition of an antigen that causes IgE to be produced?
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Sensitization
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What is it called when an allergen produces a localized release of IgE?
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Localized Anaphylaxis
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What is asthma?
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Hypersensitivity to inhaled or ingested allergens.
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Why is Systemic Anaphylaxis life threatening?
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IgE releases a massive amount of histamine, which can drop blood pressure, and airways can become constricted and filled with mucous.
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What is the release of mediators like histamine called?
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Degranulation
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Thrombocytopenic Purpura, ABO Blood Types, and Rh Factor are all examples of what type of hypersensitivity?
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Type II
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What are localized reactions of complexes of antigens, and antibodies?
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Arthus Reactions
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What is the main cause of type IV hypersensitivity?
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Delayed Hypersensitivity T Cells
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Contact dermatitis is an example of what type of hypersensitivity?
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Type IV (Cell Mediated)
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If self deletion fails, what can develop?
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Auto Immune Disorders
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What is Type I Autoimmunity?
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Antigenic Mimicry
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What is an example of Type I autoimmune disorder?
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Blood-Testis Barrier Breach
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What is a Type II Autoimmune Disorder?
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Cytotoxic AutoImmunity
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What is an example of cytotoxic autoimmunity?
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Graves Disease, Causes enlargement (goiter)
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What is the autoimmune disease that had antibodies coat actylcholine receptors?
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Myasthenia Gravis
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What is the autoimmune disease that had antibodies coat actylcholine receptors?
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Myasthenia Gravis
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Which type of auto immune disease is the immune complex?
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Type III
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What class do Systemic Lupus, and Rheumatoid Arthrytis belong?
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Type III - Immune Complex
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What disease causes T-Cells and Macrophages to attack mylein sheaths of nerve cells and to what class does it belong?
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MS - Type IV (Cell-Mediated)
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What is HLA?
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Human Leukoctye Antigen
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What must match closely to avoid a transplant rejection?
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HLA
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What are two type of sites that dont stimulate immunity?
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Priviledged Site, and Priviledged Tissue
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What is a graft from self tissue to another part of the body?
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Autograft
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What is a graft between identical twins?
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IsoGraft
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What is the disease called that is a B-Cell Dificiency?
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Agammaglobulemia
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What is the disease called in a patient that does not have a thymus gland, and a T-Cell deficiency?
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DiGeorge Syndrome
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What is a deficiency or lack of T and B cells?
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
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What can cause secondary immune deficiencies?
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Infectious Agents (HIV)
Malignancies (Hodgkins Lymphoma) Immunosuppressants (Chemotherapy) Radiation Certain Antibiotics |
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Antibodies are what type of immune response?
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Specific
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Antibodies are what type of immune response?
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Specific
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Skin, mucous membranes, antimocrobial chemicals are examples of?
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The First Line of Nonspecific Defense.
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Cells, Antimicrobial Bloodborne Chemicals, and processes are examples of?
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The Second line of nonspecific defenses.
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What is the oil secreted from sebaceous glands in skin?
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Sebum
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What is the defense system of mucuous called?
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MALT
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What inhibits bacterial growth by limiting the amount of available iron?
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Transferrins
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What inhibits bacterial growth by limiting the amount of available iron?
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Transferrins
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What are the three cell types in blood?
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Erythrocytes (RBC),
Leukocytes (WBC), Platelets |
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Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils are all types of ....?
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Granulocytes
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Monocytes and Lymphocytes are types of...
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Agranulocytes
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Macrophages come from?>
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Monocytes
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What types of cells releases histamines and can become mast cells?
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Basophils
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What are important in parasitic infections, and can turn off inflammatory reactions be releasing antihistamine?
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Eosinophils
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What are important in parasitic infections, and can turn off inflammatory reactions be releasing antihistamine?
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Eosinophils
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What are important in parasitic infections, and can turn off inflammatory reactions be releasing antihistamine?
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Eosinophils
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What cell is usually found to be the first nonspecific defense?
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Neutrophils
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What are the five steps of phagocytosis?
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Chemotaxis
Adherence Ingestion Digestion Elimination |
