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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
tract |
a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
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ganglion |
nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system |
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innervation |
mean the supply of nerves to a specific body part |
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plexus |
is a network of intersecting spinal nerves |
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Glial cells |
provide support and protection for neurons; hold them in place, supply nutrients, produce myelin |
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meninges |
the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal chord. |
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dura mater |
thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges |
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arachnoid membrane |
second layer of the meninges that resembles a spider web |
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pia mater |
third layer protecting brain that consists of delicate connective tissue |
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cerebrum |
responsible for all through, judgement, memory, and emotion, as well as control and integration of motor function. |
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thalamus |
relays sensory stimuli form the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex. |
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hypothalamus |
control vital bodily functions; regulates autonomic nervous system, regulates emotional responses, regulates body temp, regulates hunger and thirst |
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brainstem |
controls functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate) |
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cerebellem |
coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements |
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mid brain and pons |
provide conduction pathways to higher and lower centers of the brain. control eye and head reflexes |
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medulla oblongata |
controls basic survival functions listed above |
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cephalagia |
headache |
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migrane headache |
characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head. Primary affect women and may be accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light |
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cluster headache |
intensely painful headaches affecting one side of the head. May be associated with nasal congestion and tearing of the eyes |
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encephalocele |
congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull |
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meningocele |
congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column |
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hydrocephalus |
excess cerebralspinal fluid accumulation in in the ventricles of the brain |
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meningitits |
inflammation of the merges of the brain and spinal cord |
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meninigioma |
slow growing usually benign tumor of the meninges |
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Dementia |
slowly progressive decline in mental abilites |
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vascular dementia |
form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain. |
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Encephalitits |
inflammation of the brain; can be caused by viral infection such as rabies |
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Reye's syndrome |
deadly disorder of children characterized by vomiting and confusion. |
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tetanus |
infection of tetanus bacterium |
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Tourette syndrome |
neurological disorder characterized by tics |
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Alzheimer's disease |
disorder involving parts of the brain that control memory, thought, and language. Marked deterioration of memory and reasoning |
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Parkinson's |
degenerative central nervous disorder that is characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity, and slow gait. |
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cerebral contusion |
brushing of brain tissue |
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cranial hematoma |
collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain |
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lethargy |
lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy |
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stupor |
and unresponsive state form which a person can be aroused only briefly despite repeated attempts |
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syncope |
fainting |
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persistent vegetative state |
type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles but exhibits unconsciousness even when appearing to be awake |
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Delirium |
acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, and hallucinations. |
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cerebrovascular accident |
aka stroke; damgage to the brain that occurs when blood flow to it is disrupted |
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ischemic stroke |
occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing of blockage of a carotid artery |
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transiet ischemic attack |
mini stroke |
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aphaisa |
loss of the ability to speak, write, or the ability comprehend written word |
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hemorrhagic stroke |
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks |
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arteriovenous malformation |
abnormal connection between arteries and veins in the brain that can rupture suddenly |
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Insomnia |
inability to sleep |
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Narcolepsy |
uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day |
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Somambulism |
aka sleepwalking |
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myelitits |
inflammation of the spinal cord |
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myelosis |
tumor of the spinal cord |
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poliomyelitis |
polio; viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord the may lead to paralysis |
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Radiculitis |
aka pinched nerve; inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that souses pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb |
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Cervical radiculopathy |
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots |
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lumbar radiculopathy |
nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from compression of vertebral disks |
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Multiple sclerosis |
inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath. This scars the brain and spinal cord |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
aka Lou Gehrig's disease; neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. |
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Bell's palsy |
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected area of the face |
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Guillain-Barre syndrome |
aka infections polyneuritis; inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary muscle paralysis |
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Neuritis |
an inflammation of nerve accompanied pain and potential loss of function |
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Sciatica |
an inflammation of the sciatic nerve that result in pain, burning, and tingling |
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Trigeminal neruoalgia |
severe lightning-like pain due to inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve. Only affect side of face innervated by the affected nerve. |
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Cerebral palsy |
condition characterized by poor muscle control, speech defects, and other deficiencies due to damage to the cerebrum. |
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epilepsy |
recurrent episodes of seizures |
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seizure |
sudden surge of electoral activity in the brain that affects how a person behaves for a short time. |
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tonic-clonic seizure |
aka grand mal seizure; in the tonic phase of the seizure the body becomes rigid, in the clonic phase there is jerking |
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absence seizure |
aka petit mal seizure; brief loss of brain function when there is loss of awareness |
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Causalgia |
persistent, severs burning pain that usually follows and injury to sensory nerve |
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Hyperesthesia |
excessive sensitivity to touch and other sensory stimuli |
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paresthesia |
burning or pricking sensation that is usually felt in hands and feet |
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Periperal neruopathy |
disorder of peripheral nerves |
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Restless leg syndrome |
uncomfortable feelings in the legs |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging computed tomography |
MRI CT ;both are important neuroimaging tools |
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functional MRI |
detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task |
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Carotid ultrasonography |
ultrasound study of the carotid artery |
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echoencephalography |
ultrasound imaging to create detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes |
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electroencephalography |
process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp |
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myelography |
radiographic study of the spinal cord after the infection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture |
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lumbar pucture |
spinal tap, process of obtaining a sample of CS fluid |
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hypnotic |
depresses the central nervous system |
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aniconsulsant |
prevent seizures |
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Barbiturates |
class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the CNS |
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sedative |
depresses the CNS to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep |
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Epidural anesthesia |
regional anesthesia produced by injection of medication into the epidural space |
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deep brain stimulation |
neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of destiny, tremors, and Parkinson's disease. the brain is stimulated with mild electrical signals from an implanted device |
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Gamma knife surgery |
type of radiation treatment for brain tumors preformed without an incision. the surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue |
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Electroconculsive therapy |
aka electroshock therapy, small amount of electric current are passed through brain, deliberately triggering a grief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses |
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lobectomy |
surgical removal of part of the brain |
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thalamotomy |
surgical incision into the thalamus |
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Neurorrhaphy |
surgical suturing together the ends of a severed nerve |
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Neurotomy |
surgical dissection of a nerve |
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generalized anxiety disorder |
chronic, excessive worrying |
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
OCD |
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Panic disorder |
fear of panic attack |
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panic attack |
unexpected sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger |
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Post-tramatic stress disorder |
person may feel intense fear after and even involving actual or treated death or injury |
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acrophobia |
excessive fear of heights |
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agorophobia |
excessive fear of environments that may cause a panic attack |
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claustrophobia |
excessive fear of small enclosures |
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attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
ADHD |
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dyslexia |
developmental reading disorder |
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Autistic spectrum disorders |
condition in which young children have difficulty developing normal relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow routines |
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autism |
children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language |
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Dissociative disorder |
normal thought is separated from consciousness |
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siccociative identity disorder |
multiple personality disorder |
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factitious disorder |
condition in which individual acts as if they have a mental disorder when they do not |
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impulse control disorders |
failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences |
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bipolar disorder |
severe mood changes |
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manic behavior |
abnormally elevated mood |
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depression |
characterized by lethargy and sadness |
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dysthymia |
low grade chronic depression |
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seasonal affective disorder |
seasonal bout of depression |
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psychotic disorder |
loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning |
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catatonic behacior |
marked by lack of responsiveness, stupor, and tendency to remain in a fixed position |
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hallucination |
sensory perception when there is no stimuli |
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delusion |
false personal beleif |
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Schizophrenia |
disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, delusions, hallucinations, and emotional and behavioral imbalances. |
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somatoform disorder |
characterized by physical complaints or concerns about ones body |
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hypochondriasis |
fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation |
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Maingering |
intentional creation of false of exaggerated symptoms |
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delirium tremens |
disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abrupt stopping of alcohol consumption |
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psychotropic drug |
produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotion, and behavior. Used to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders |
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anxiolytic drug |
aka anti anxiety drug; temporary relieve anxiety |
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mood-stabilizing drugs |
example lithium, used to treat bipolar disorder |
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Psychoanalysis |
idea that mental disorders have underlying cause |
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cognitive therapy |
focus on changing ones thoughts that are affecting emotions and actions |