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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Many wars and conflicts have arisen over _______.
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ethnic or religious differences.
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Religious and ethnic differences have often led to _______.
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civil wars
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A war between the people of the same country.
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civil war
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Though they have great religious and ethnic diversity they have avoided internal conflict because they have distributed economic and political power among various groups. (2 Southeast Asian nations)
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Malaysia and Singapore
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Conflicts occur because one religious or ethnic group believes it is being ________.
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discriminated against by another group.
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Were excluded from power by the Sinhalese Buddhists.
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Hindu Tamils
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Rebelled against the Sinhalese Buddhists in Sri Lanka
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Hindu Tamils
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Would not agree to a ceasefire until 2002 when the Sri Lanka government agreed to negotiations for a separate ______________.
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Tamil regional government
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Felt they were mistreated by the English speaking majority in Canada.
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French speaking people in Quebec
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French speaking people in Quebec were able to get support for their language and culture through ____.
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democratic means
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Won independence from Great Britain in 1922.
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Ireland
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Six northern counties which remained apart of Great Britain and had a protestant majority.
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Northern Ireland
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Faced economic and political discrimination in Northern Ireland.
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Catholics
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The majority faith in the Republic of Ireland.
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Catholic
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The Catholics in Northern Ireland wanted Northern Ireland unified with the __________.
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Republic of Ireland.
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Attacked Protestants in Northern Ireland and engaged in terrorism against Britain.
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Irish Republican Army (IRA)
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Attacked Catholics in Northern Ireland.
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Protestant militia
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Protestants and Catholics signed a peace accord in Ireland in 1998.
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Good Friday Agreement
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Even after the Good Friday Agreement there were still episodes of violence in ______.
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Northern Ireland
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In several former Soviet Republics ethnic minorities fought for freedom from ______.
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domination by the republics' majority
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Chechen Muslims fought to free Chechnya from ____.
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Russia
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In the mid-1990s Russia brutally crushed a _______.
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Chechen revolt
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In 1999 when new fighting erupted Russian troops won control of Grozny the _____.
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Capital of Chechnya
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When some Chechens turned to terrorist attacks elsewhere in Russia, Russians claimed the Chechens rebels were linked to _____.
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Muslim terrorists in other parts of the world.
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In the 1990s Yugoslavia was torn apart by _______.
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ethnic, nationalist, & religious tensions.
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Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Croats, Slovenes, Bosniaks and Albanians made up the ethnic groups of ___.
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Yugoslavia
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Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia were the _______.
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six republics of Yugoslavia before 1991
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Prior to 1991 Yugoslavia was held together by the communist party dominated by _____.
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Serbia
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Serbs were the majority in Serbia but were minorities in the other ___.
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Yugoslav republics
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Tried in vane to control Yugoslavia after the fall of communism.
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Serbians
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After Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 fighting broke out in Croatia between _______.
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Croats and Serbs
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By 1992 Macedonia & Bosnia had declared independence from ________.
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Yugoslavia
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In 2003 Yugoslavia was renamed _____.
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Serbia & Montenegro
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When Bosnia declared independence the Bosnia Serbs fought to set up their own ________.
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government in Bosnia
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Bosnia Serbs received money & arms from ______.
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Serbs in Yugoslavia
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Fought the Serbs in Bosnia.
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Muslim Bosniaks
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Bosnia Serbs engaged in vicious attacks against the Bosniaks called ____.
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ethnic cleansing
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Attempts to kill or remove other ethnics to create ethnically "pure" areas.
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ethnic cleansing
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Croats attempted it against the Serbs in Croatia.
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ethnic cleansing
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Ethnic cleansing sometimes resulted in ______.
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mass executions
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The Bosnian Serbs and the other warring parties were forced to negotiate by ______.
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NATO air strikes
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Ended the war in Bosnia in 1995.
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Dayton Accords
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Serbian province that was 90% Albanian.
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Kosovo
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Serbian President who in 1989 began oppressing Kosovar Albanians.
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Slobodan Milosevic
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After peaceful protests led to greater repression Albanian guerrillas from Kosovo began in the mid-1990s to attack _____.
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Serbian targets
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In 1999, NATO launched strikes against _______.
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Serbia
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In Kosovo the Yugoslavian/Serbian military attempted it against the Albanians.
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ethnic cleansing
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Forced Yugoslavia to withdraw its forces from Kosovo.
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NATO air strikes
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Restored the peace in Kosovo.
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U.N. & NATO forces
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Although Kosovo remained a part of Serbia in theory after 1999 it was under the control of the ___.
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UN
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When South Africa won independence in 1910, freedom was limited to the minority ________.
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White settlers
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Expanded system of racial segregation in South Africa began in 1948.
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Apartheid
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The main organization that opposed apartheid and led the struggle for majority rule. Outlawed in 1960.
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African National Congress (ANC)
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In 1960 police gunned down 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration in a black township in South Africa
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Sharpeville Massacre
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Pushed the ANC to shift from nonviolent protest to armed struggle.
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Sharpeville Massacre
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At first organized young South Africans to peacefully resist apartheid laws.
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Nelson Mandela
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As government violence grew he joined militants who called for armed struggle.
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Nelson Mandela
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ANC leader.
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Nelson Mandela
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Arrested, tried and condemned to life in prison for treason against apartheid.
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Nelson Mandela
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Even in prison he was a powerful leader and symbol in the struggle for freedom in South Africa.
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Nelson Mandela
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In 1984 a South African bishop who won the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent opposition to apartheid.
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Desmond Tutu
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South African president pressured to end apartheid.
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F.W. de Klerk
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Lifted the ban on the ANC. (1990)
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F.W. de Klerk
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Pressured to free Nelson Mandela (1990)
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F.W. de Klerk
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In 1994 becomes the country's first true president of a democratic South Africa.
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Nelson Mandela
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Since gaining independence from Belgium, in 1962, the central African countries of Rwanda and Burundi have been dominated by the conflict between the _________.
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Tutsis & Hutus
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In 1994 when a plane carrying the Hutu presidents of Rwanda & Burundi was shot down Hutu extremists urged civilians to _____.
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kill their Tutsi & moderate Hutu neighbors
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In the 1994 massacre in Rwanda about ______.
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800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus were killed.
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After Tutsi rebels win control in Rwanda in 1994 about 1 million Hutus fearful of revenge became ______.
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refugees in Zaire & Tanzania
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North eastern country in Africa, that has an Arab Muslim north dominating a non-Muslim, non-Arab south.
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Sudan
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Ethnic conflict causes civil war between the Islamic government and the non-Muslim rebels. (Northeastern African country)
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Sudan
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Sudan's western region
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Darfur
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Area in Sudan where the government backed Arab militias unleashed terror on non-Arab Muslim people.
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Darfur
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African nation won independence in 1975 but because its new government favored the Soviet Union, the U.S. aided the rebel groups fighting the new government.
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Angola
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Land Arabs lost to Israel through several wars
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occupied territories
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Palestine Liberation Organization
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PLO
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Organization leading the Palestinian fight against Israel
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PLO
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Head of the PLO (for most of its existence)
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Yasir Arafat
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Palestinian revolts in occupied territories
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intifadas
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The PLO often used this to attack the Israelis
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terrorism
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Israel responded to PLO actions with a strong ______.
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armed forces
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Palestinian _____ increased with each Israeli attack.
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bitterness
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First female Prime Minister of Israel
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Golda Meir
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Arab nations attacked Israel in _____(Year) when Golda Meir was trying to negotiate peace
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1973
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Israel returned this region to Egypt in a 1979 peace accord
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Sinai Peninsula
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Signed in 1993 after direct talks between Israel and the PLO
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Oslo Accord
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Hopes for peace in the Israeli region, center on ending this
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cycle of violence and retaliation
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outlined a plan proposing Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and the West Bank in exchange for an end to terrorism
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Oslo Accord
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Israeli Prime Minister pushing for peace in the 1990s and assassinated for signing the Oslo Accord
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Yitzhak Rabin
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An example of radical Palestinian groups who increased terrorist attacks on Israel after many years of little progress following the Oslo accord
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Hamas
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U.S. devised plan involving potential withdrawal of Israelis from Gaza
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"Road Map to Peace"
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released hundreds of Palestinian prisoners after the death of Yasir Arafat and new pledges from successor Mahmoud Abbas to end attacks
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Ariel Sharon
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Three obstacles to peace between Arabs and Israelis
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original Palestinian land, Israeli settlements in occupied territories, and Jerusalem
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City sacred to Jews, Muslims and Christians, capital of Israel
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Jerusalem
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Arab-Israeli conflict spilled over into this neighboring nation by the 1970s
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Lebanon
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Largest and most powerful group in Lebanon when independence was attained.
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Arab Christians
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outnumbered Christians in Lebanon and demanded a greater share of power after Palestinians fled into Lebanon from regions that became Israel
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Muslims
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Civil war from 1975 to1990 destroyed this commercial center and allowed an Israeli invasion in the South and Syrian occupation in the East.
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Lebanon
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Long history of internal and external conflicts due to oil wealth and ethnic diversity. (Middle East Country)
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Iraq
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After WW II Iraq's monarchy had close ties to the _______.
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United States
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After the 1958 overthrow of their monarchy, Iraq's rulers developed closer ties with the _______.
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Soviet Union
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This minority group dominated the political power of Iraq until the country's free elections in 2005
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Sunni Arabs
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Iraq's government responded brutally to this groups fight for control of northern Iraq
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Kurds
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seized power in Iraq in 1979 and ruled as a dictator until his regime was overthrown by Coalition forces in 2003
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Saddam Hussein
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Took advantage of political turmoil in Iran after that nation's Islamic revolution, seizing disputed border regions between Iran and Iraq. (person)
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Saddam Hussein
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Won U.S. support during their prolonged war with Iran in the 1980s mainly because of Iran's bitter opposition to the U.S.
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Iraq
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During the Iran-Iraq war Hussein used chemical weapons, killing thousands of civilians in ______ villages
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Kurdish
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Iraq's 1990 invasion of this oil-rich nation motivated the U.S. to lead coalition forces in a counterattack in 1991
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Kuwait
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Under the UN banner, U.S. led forces quickly liberated Kuwait from Iraqi forces in this 1991 conflict.
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The Gulf War
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Used torture, terror and execution to maintain control of Shiites and Kurds in Iraq
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Saddam Hussein
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Biological, nuclear and chemical weapons
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weapons of mass destruction
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Repeatedly violated no-fly zones and failed to cooperate with UN weapons inspectors.
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Iraq
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U.S. and British coalition forces topple Hussein and begin occupation of Iraq in ______. (year)
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2003
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In 2005 free elections, this majority group won control of the government for the first time in Iraq's history.
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Shiites
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Efforts to rebuild Iraq are hampered by these rebels targeting foreigners or Iraqi's cooperating with foreign troops
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insurgents
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