Mcat: Heart And Lung

Front 1

Function of the circulatory system

Back 1

Bring nutrients and oxygen
Maintain body temperature
Transport hormones to various locations in the body

Front 2

Range for blood pressure

Back 2

120 to 80 mmHg

Front 3

Average blood pressure

Back 3

100 mmHg

Front 4

Contraction

Back 4

Systole

Front 5

What does the units mmHg really mean?

Back 5

How much a column of mercury would raise with the force.

Front 6

Relaxation

Back 6

Diastole

Front 7

Blood pressure reading

Back 7

systolic/diastolic

Front 8

Compose arteries

Back 8

Smooth muscle
Connective tissue

Front 9

Compose the lumen of all blood vessels

Back 9

Epithelial cells know as endothelial cells

Front 10

Arteriosclerosis

Back 10

Damage to endothelial cells by arterial pressure or absrasive substances in the blood

Front 11

Arterioles

Back 11

Branching of arteries

Major area of resistance in the cardiovascular system

Front 12

Pressure of blood in capillaries

Back 12

25 mmHg

Front 13

Helps regulate the flow of blood to the capillary bed

Back 13

Smooth muscle known as precapillary sphincter

Front 14

Varicose vein

Back 14

Increase in pressure in the veins due malfunctioning of valves that normally prevent blood from flowing backwards are damaged,

Front 15

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

Back 15

Right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid

Front 16

Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Back 16

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Front 17

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

Back 17

Left atrioventricular valve or mitral or bicuspid valve

Front 18

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

Back 18

Aortic valve

Front 19

"lub" sound

Back 19

Closing of the atrioventricular valve

Front 20

"dub" sound

Back 20

Closing of the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

Front 21

Point of origin for the electric impulse that propagates throughout the heart

Back 21

Sinoatrial node

Front 22

Location of sinoatrial node

Back 22

Junction of superior vena cava and the right atrium

Front 23

Electrical impulses from sinoatrial node spread here first

Back 23

Atrioventricular node

Front 24

Causes ventricles to contract and eject blood into the pulmonary and systemic system

Back 24

bundle of His

Front 25

How and where is blood pressure monitored

Back 25

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors located in the aortic and carotid arteries

Front 26

Area in the brain stem that responds to low pressure alerts from baroreceptors

Back 26

Medulla

Front 27

Cardiac output

Back 27

Heart rate times the stroke volume

Front 28

Factors influencing the cardiac output

Back 28

Diameter of blood vessels
Amount of blood returning to the heart
Heart rate and force of ventricular contraction

Front 29

Relationship established by Poisuille's law

Back 29

Flow is proportional to the change pressure between two ends of a tube and the radius^4 of the tube, and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid and length of the tube

Front 30

Osmol

Back 30

One mole of a molecule that does not ionize

Front 31

Osmotic pressure

Back 31

Amount of pressure (due to build up of water) that stopped osmosis

Front 32

Function of lymphatic system

Back 32

Collect excess fluid that leaks into the interstitial space from capillaries return it by the way of the vena cava back to the circulatory system

Front 33

Edema

Back 33

Increase in the interstitial fluid due to the block of lymph flow through the lymphatic system

Front 34

Why is Vitamin K essential for clotting?

Back 34

It's required by a carboxylase enzyme that forms prothrombin.

Front 35

Function of thrombin

Back 35

Convert fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms the blood clot in the vicinity of the damaged area

Front 36

Serine protease that hydrolyzes specific regions in the fibrin clot in order to dissolve it into smaller peptide fragments

Back 36

Plasmin

Front 37

Ways of reaching vitamin K deficiency?

Back 37

Failure to absorb lipids
Overuse of antibiotics that destroy gut flora

Front 38

Caused by Vitamin K defeciency cause

Back 38

Bleeding disorders

Front 39

Dicoumarol

Back 39

Vitamin K antagonist that results in an abnormal prothrombin that cannot bind Ca

Inspired production of Warfarin, which is also a Vitamin K antagonist used for rat poisoning

Front 40

Passage of air

Back 40

nose mouth - pharynx - larynx - trachea - 2 tubular passage called the bronchi

Front 41

Line the lumen of epithelial cells and continually beat mucus toward the pharynx

Back 41

Cilia

Front 42

What are the walls of the repiratory tracks made of?

Back 42

Smooth muscle

Front 43

What kind of nerve fibers innervate the bronchioles of the lungs?

Back 43

Parasympathetic nerves which travel in the vagus nerve

Front 44

What is the pressure in the alveoli during inspiration?

Back 44

Subatmospheric so that air rushes down its gradient from outside to the lower pressure in the lungs?

Front 45

What's responsible for the subatmospheric pressure levels in the lungs?

Back 45

Contraction of diaphragm, rib cage contraction, enlargement of the thoracic cage, expansion of the lungs

Front 46

Encases lungs

Back 46

Pleura (visceral covers the lungs, while parietal asdheres to the diaphragm.)

Front 47

How can oxygen travel in the blood?

Back 47

1) Being dissolved in the blood itself
2) Being bound to transport protein in the red blood cells

Note: Oxygen is rather is insoluble in blood, so 98 % is carried via the later.

Front 48

What would happen hemoglobin dissociation curve under acidic conditions? What other conditions have the same affect?

Back 48

The curve shifts down and to the right.

Increase in temp, and increase in BPG concentration.

Front 49

How can CO2 travel in the the blood?

Back 49

1) Dissolving in the plasma and red blood cells
2) Binding to a specific site on the hemoglobin molecule
3) In the form of bicarbonate

Note that the majority is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate.

Front 50

Enzyme responsible for turning CO2 into bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Back 50

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 51

Coordinates rhythm for breathing

Back 51

Medulla and pons in the brainstem

Front 52

How and where is the oxygen concentration sensed?

Back 52

Chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta

Front 53

Why is there a low average velocity in the capillaries?

Back 53

The total cross sectional area of all the capillaries is very larger, the largest of all types of vessels in the cardiovascular system.

Front 54

What's the relationship between the resistance of a vessel and the radius?

Back 54

Resistance varies inversely with the radius to the work of four.

Front 55

What is structurally different between veins and arteries?

Back 55

Only veins contain one way valves that prevent the back flow of blood.

Front 56

What is structurally similar between veins and arteries?

Back 56

Both have a layer of endothelial cells, a layer of elastic tissue, and a layer of smooth muscle.

Front 57

How does frequency of change in arterial pressure and venous pressure compare?

Back 57

The arterial pressure changes significantly. It is very high coming out the aorta, but become smaller and smaller toward the capillaries.

Front 58

Where does blood experience the highest velocity?

Back 58

As it's being ejected from the left ventricle.

Front 59

Where is velocity of blood the slowest?

Back 59

Capillaries

Front 60

Measures the turbulent flow or laminar flow of blood

Back 60

Reynolds number

Front 61

What is distenisbility?

Back 61

Increase in volume due increase in pressure.

Highest in vein, then pulmonary arteries, and lastly systemic arteries.

Front 62

Boyles Law

Back 62

As volume increase, pressure decreases

Front 63

In which direction does Ca gradient go?

Back 63

Into the cell

Front 64

Major parasymapthetic fiber

Back 64

Vagus nerve

Front 65

How long do RBC live?

Back 65

120 days

Front 66

Life span of a water soluble vitamin?

Back 66

Short, gets secreted by the kidney

Front 67

Cardiac Output

Back 67

Rate at which blood leaves either ventricles.

Front 68

Equation of C.O

Back 68

Heart Rate * Stroke Volume

Front 69

Relationship between B.P and C.O

Back 69

C.O X Resistance

Front 70

Arrhythymia

Back 70

Irregular heat or having an irregular rhythm.

Front 71

Ventricular fibrillation

Back 71

Ventricles contracting in an unsynchronized manner, leading to unproductive twitching.

Front 72

Responsible for conduction through the interventricular septum, and break in to branches forming Purkinje fiber

Back 72

bundle of His

Front 73

What are the benefits of being a marathon runner to the heart?

Back 73

Greater stroke volume, smaller heart rate required to maintain the same cardiac output.

Front 74

Chelation

Back 74

formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central atom.

Front 75

Number of membranes in RBCs

Back 75

They have only the plasma membrane. They have no organelles. Therefore, there's no mitochondria, and energy production happens via glycolysis in the cytoplasm.

Front 76

Major source of Vitamin K

Back 76

Leafy green vegetables.

Front 77

Why do clots need to be limited?

Back 77

They can break free from blood vessels and wreak havoc within the circulatory system.

Front 78

How can clots be limited?

Back 78

Inhibitors of serine proteases
Dilution of blood with fresh blood
Removal of clot intermediates by transport to the liver.

Front 79

What is turbulent flow? What causes it? What increases it?

Back 79

Blood flow which is not flowing in a steady stream through blood vessels, and creates eddy currents.

They are formed blood passing over a rough surface.

It increases with increasing in velocity and the diameter of the vessel and decreases with viscosity of the blood.