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63 Cards in this Set
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describe Skin 3 layers
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epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells, repair by desquamation. dermis: thick, dense layer with connective tissue to support, give strength and thickness to skin. hypodermis: subcutaneous fat in lobules separated by connective tissue.
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epidermis 5 layers
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1. stratum basalis, 2. stratum spinosum, 3. stratum granulosum, 4. stratum lucidum, 5. stratum corneum
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stratum basalis
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cuboidal cells, germinativum, produce keratinocytes; some columnar of dermis
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stratum spinosum
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polyhedral cells with intercellular desmosomes
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stratum granulosum
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release keratohyaline granules, and hydrophobic membrane bounded lipid into aqueous barrier, and enzyme to digest organelles as immunogenic molecule
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stratum lucidum
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loss function of keratohyalin replaced by eleidin (only in thick skin: sole and palmar skin)
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stratum corneum
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two layers: (deep) intercellular desmosomal link and intracellular keratin filaments; (surface) keratinized, with soft keratin, desquamation, lose, surface
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special features of skin list 7
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hair, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, meissner's corpuscle, merkel cells, pacinian cells, free nerve ending exteroceptor
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cell types in epidermis (origin and function) 5 pt
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Keratinocytes from ectoderm produce ectoderm; Melanocytes from neural crest produce melanin in melanosomes at SB sent process to SS; Langerhans cells at SS antigen presenting cells with Birbeck granules; Merkel's cells at SB as exteroceptor (touch)
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Release of keratohyalin granule to cytoplasm triggers the final aggregation of keratin filaments to form tonofilament bundles thus transforming the granular cell to cornified cells
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Release of keratohyalin granule to cytoplasm triggers the final aggregation of keratin filaments to form tonofilament bundles thus transforming the granular cell to cornified cells
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SG, SL, SC, keratinocytes are reinforced by ______
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involucrin fibrous protein
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dermis layer
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papillary layer (loose) and reticular layer (dense and thick, coarse)
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free nerve ending cells (nature, location, function)
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unmyelinated, small diameter, slow conduction of nerve signal, for pain touch temperature; from dermo-epidermal junction extend to SG
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meissner's corpuscle
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elliptical, tactile cells with nerve ending, transversely located dermis under hairless skin (nipple, lip, eyelid, finger tip)
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pacinian corpuscle
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oval shape, nerve ending, skin of the hands and feet, pressure sensitive,
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hair follicle layers 7pt
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M, Cx, Cu, IRS, ERS, GM, CT
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Sebaceous gland
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holocrine; secrete sebum (oil) into neck of hair follicle, arrector pili
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sweat glands 2pt
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Merocrine: Secrete a watery fluid, hypotonic, directly to skin surface; Apocrine: adjacent hair follicles via duct areolae of breasts, genital regions, viscid, milky secretion
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Structure of Nail
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Eponychium, Nail, NM (germinating center) Nail bed, hyponychium
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Ceruminous
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cuboidal (inactive) or columnar (active); ear wax, waxy, yellowish, semisolid, prevent desiccation and irritation
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4 layers of GI tract
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mucosa (epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae , submucosa, Muscularis externa , external layer
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oesophagus
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submucosal cardiac glands (simple tubular, mucous), gastroesophageal and pharyngoesophageal sphincters. muscularis externa: upper striated, middle mix, lower smooth
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stomach
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three layers of muscle in muscularis externa
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division of stomach
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Cardia, Fundus and body of stomach, Pylorus
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5 cell types in stomach
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Mucous neck cells (mucus) , undifferentiated cell in neck and isthmus, Parietal cell (HCl, stomach intrinsic factor), chief cell (zymogen)
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enteroendocrine glands
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secrete peptide hormones, neuroendocrine system; involve in amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation.
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example of enteroendocrine
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Gastrin secrete more HCl , somatostatin inhibit release of gastrin, Urogastrone ( inhibit HCl secretion)
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4 cell types in small intestine
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columnar absorptive cell, paneth cell (zymogen and lysozyme), goblet cell (mucus) enteroendocrine, mucosal glands in crypts of Lieberkuhn; Brunner's glands submucosal gland.
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folding of intestine 3pt
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plicae circulares, villi, microvilli,
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duodenum special external layer
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adventitia
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Peyer's patches
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in ileum, Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT): mucosal immunity; Antigen presenting epithelial cells (M cells) -> deliver them to macrophages -> IgA producing plasma cells
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large intestine
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goblet cells, and enteroendocrine, no villi, no paneth cell, haustra coli, teniae coli,
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name the bones of nose 3
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nasal bone, nasal part of frontal bone, frontal process of maxilla
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name the bones of nasal septum
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vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage
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name the bones that make up the roof of nasal cavity
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sphenoidal bone, frontonasal, ethmoid bone,
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name the bones make up the floor
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palatine process of maxilla, horizontal process of palatine
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lateral wall is formed the three curvature plates known as _______ ?
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conchae.
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underneath each curvature plate, you will find a potential space called ________?
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meatus
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functions of nose
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1. respiration, 2. Humidification, 3 filter of dust,4 Olfaction
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function of meatus
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drainage paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
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nerve supply to nose
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cranial nerve I : olfactory nerve; cranial nerve V trigeminal nerve
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3 Arteries to nose
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branches of 1. maxillary artery (external carotid a.), 2 facial artery (external carotid a.), 3 ophthalmic artery (internal carotid a.)
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4 veins drain the nose
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pterygoid plexus, facial vein, infraorbital vein, ophthalmic vein
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paranasal sinuses
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frontal (frontal sinuses); ethmoid (ethmoid sinuses); sphenoid (sphenoid sinuses); and maxilla (maxillary sinuses)
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nerve, artery to sinuses
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trigeminal nerve, maxillary, ophthalmic arteries
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3 layers of pharynx
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1. mucous membrane (ciliated columnar epithelium at nasopharynx; stratified squamous in oropharynx and laryngopharynx), 2. fibrous tissue, 3. muscle tissue
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oropharynx
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behind the mouth to C3; collection of lymphoid gland palatine tonsils
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laryngopharynx
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C3 to C6 , continue by oesophagus at C6
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larynx (lower respiratory)
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C3 to C6; anterior: hyoid, supra- and infra muscles; posterior is laryngopharynx and oesophagus
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trachea
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C6-T4
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artery to trachea
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inferior thyroid artery (a branch of subclavian artery) and bronchial artery (from thoracic aorta)
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vein to trachea
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inferior thyroid vein and brachiocephalic vein
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nerve supply to trachea
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vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, sympathetic cervical ganglion
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respiratory bronchioles and alveoli involve in _____ list 4
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external respiration, immune defense, warming and humidification of air
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2 type of alveolar epithelial cells
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1. single layer forms the alveolar wall; 2. The production of surfactant
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respiratory zone components
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Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs
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describe the cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacilli
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pentapeptide bridges linking N-acetylmuramic and N-acetylglucosamine polymer called peptidoglycan. external is a lipopolysaccharide.
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two ways to prevent candidal infection.
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Fluconazole prophylaxis for transplant recipients; Avoid antibiotics overuse to prevent overgrowth
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Helminths: 3pt
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Nematodes, Trematodes, Trematodes
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iceburg of disease
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Iceberg of disease describes the phenomenon that what disease we see is a small proportion of the total, much of which is developing.
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Upstream model of public health
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It states that if we know how and why disease develops, we might be able to prevent its progression by surveillance and prevention.
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List one essential criterion that makes a method of detection of cancer a benefit
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It should lead to improved survival and quality of life.
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what is phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis is the ingestion and digestion of extracellular particulate material, which may include whole pathogenic microorganisms.
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