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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prediction |
Statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown. One of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic. Used in single-subject research designs. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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(Experimental) control (1) |
Is achieved when a predictable change in behavior (dependent variable) can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment (the independent variable). Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Experimental control (2) |
A researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting it, withdrawing it or varying its value. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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A-B-A-B design |
Experimental design consisting of initial baseline phase A1, initial intervention phase B1, return to baseline conditions A2, and a second intervention phase to see whether treatment effects are replicated B2. Also called a withdrawal design. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Aversive stimulus |
Unpleasant stimulus, a stimulus change to evoke a behavior, punish a behavior or a negative reinforcer of behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Baseline |
Condition of the experiment where the independent variable is not present. Baseline data is the basis of determining the effects of the independent variable. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Behavior |
"If a dead man can do it, it ain't behavior." Skinner |
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Behavior chain (atferdskjede) |
Sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as reinforcement for that response and as Sd for the next response. Reinforcement for the last response in the chain maintain the reinforcing effectiveness of all earlier stimulus changes produced by all earlier responses. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Behavioral cusp |
Behavior with sudden and dramatic consequences because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses and stimulus controls. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Celeration |
Change in rate of responding over time. Based on count per unit of time. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Conditioned reinforcer |
Stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one ore more reinforcers. Also called learned reinforcer. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Conditioned punisher |
Stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one ore more punishers. Also called learned punisher. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Consequence |
A stimulus change that follows a behavior. Can have significant or little influence on future behavior. Punisher or reinforcer. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Contingency (kontingens) |
Dependent or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Contingent (kontingent) |
Reinforcement or punishment that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Cumulative record |
Graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is emitted on the vertical axis. Steeper slope, greater response rate. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Data |
Measures of the quantifiable dimensions of behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Dependent variable (avhengig variabel) |
The variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of the independent variable. Socially significant behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Deprivation |
The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contracted a particular type of reinforcer. Also a process for holding back a reinforcer to increase its effectiveness. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Satiation |
Decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with a reinforcer that have followed the behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Differential reinforcement |
Reinforcing only those responses within a class that meet a specific criterion along some other dimensions. DRO, DRA, DRI. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Discrete trial |
Each discrete response occurs when an opportunity to respond exists. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Discriminative stimulus (Sd) |
A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced. The history of differential reinforcement is the reason the Sd increases momentary frequency of the behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Echoic |
Elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal Sd that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity to the response. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Environment (miljø) |
Real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists. Behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Escape contingency |
A contingency in which a response terminates an ongoing stimulus. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Experimental design |
The particular type and sequence of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence of the independent variable can be made. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Explanatory fiction (forklaringsfiksjon) |
Fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Extinction |
Discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Extinction burst |
Increase of the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Fixed ratio (FR) |
A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Fixed time (FT) |
A schedule for the delivery of non-contingent stimuli in which a time interval remains the same from one delivery to the next. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Free operant |
Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Frequency (or ratio) |
Ratio of count per observation time, calculated y dividing the number of responses recorded by the number of standard units of time in which observations where conducted. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Functional analysis (funksjonell analyse) |
Analysis of the purposes of problem behavior. Antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines are arranged in an experimental design so the effects on problem behavior can be observed. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Independent variable (uavhengig variabel) |
Variable that is that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Intraverbal |
Elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Listener (lytter) |
Someone who provides reinforcement of verbal behavior. A listener may also serve as an audience evoking verbal behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Maintenance |
1) The extent to which the learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or the intervention in total has been terminated. 2) A condition in which treatment has been discontinued or partially withdrawn. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Mentalism |
Explanation of behavior that assumes that a mental or "inner" dimension exists and cause or mediate some behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Momentary time sampling |
A method to measure the presence or absence of behavior recorded at specific time intervals. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Motivating operation (MO, motivasjonelle operasjoner) |
Environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Negative reinforcer |
A stimulus whose termination functions as a reinforcement. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Negative punishment |
A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases the frequency of similar responses in the future. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Non-contingent reinforcement (NCR, non-kontingent forsterkning) |
Experimental control technique that demonstrates the effects of reinforcement by using NCR as a control condition instead of no-reinforcement condition. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Ontogeny |
The history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Operant behavior |
Selected behavior, maintained and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Operant conditioning |
The basic process in which operant learning occurs. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Phylogeny |
The history of the natural evolution of a species. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Positive reinforcement |
Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Positive reinforcer |
A stimulus whose presentation functions as reinforcement. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Positive punishment |
A behavior followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the frequency of the behavior in the future. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Punisher |
Stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Punishment |
Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of the type of behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Reinforcement |
Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of the type of behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Reinforcer |
Stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Replication |
1) Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects. 2) Repeating whole experiments to determine generality of findings. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Repertoire |
All of the behavior a person can do. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Response |
A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Respondent behavior |
The response component of a reflex. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Response class |
Group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Response cost |
The contingent loss of reinforcers. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Rule-governed behavior (Regelstyrt atferd) |
Behavior controlled by a rule, a verbal statement of a three-term-contingency. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Selection by consequences (utvalg som følge av konsekvenser) |
The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Self-control |
1) Ability to delay gratification by emitting response that will produce a larger delayed outcome over a response that gives a smaller but immediate reward. 2) behaving in a certain way so as to change a subsequent behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Self-instruction |
Self-generated verbal responses (overt or covert) that functions as rules or prompts for desired behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Speaker |
Someone who engage in verbal behavior by emitting hands, tacts, intraverbals, autoclitics and so on. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Autoclitic (Autoklitter) |
Verbal operant in which some aspect of a speaker's own verbal behavior functions as Sd or MO for another speakers verbal behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Stimulus |
"An energy change that effects an organism through its receptor cells". Michael, 2004 |
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Stimulus class |
Group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and/or functional. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Stimulus control |
Situation in which the frequency, latency duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Stimulus delta (S^) |
A stimulus in which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Tact |
Elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by conditioned reinforcement. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Target behavior (målatferd) |
Response class target selected for intervention. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Textual |
Elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence between the stimulus and the response product. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Three-term-contingency |
Basic unit of analysis in analysis of operant behavior. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Time-out |
Contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn or loss of access to a positive reinforcer for a specified time. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Time-sampling |
Measurement of the absence or presence of behavior within specific time intervals. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Trend |
The overall direction taken for a data-path. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex. Stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without being learnt. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Variable ratio |
A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Variable-time |
A schedule for the delivery of non-contingent stimuli in which the interval of time from one delivery to the next randomly various around a given time. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
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Verbal behavior |
Behavior whose reinforcement is mediated by a listener. Subject matter such as thinking, grammar, composition, and understanding. Cooper et. al., 2014 |
