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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Developmental congenital abnormalities of the scrotum? |
Agenesis in cryptorchid animals Failure of fusion leading to scrotal clefs or bifurcation. |
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Name the scrotal skin lesions you can get? |
Frostbite Infectious/parasitic/Autoimmune dermatitis Neoplasia- primary mesothelioma |
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In what animal are scrotal hernias common? |
Horses following open castration |
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Anorchia refers to? |
Complete failure of testicular development |
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Testicular agenesis refers to? |
Failure of one teste to develop |
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List the congenital abnormalities of the testes? |
1) Anorchia 2) Testicular agenesis 3) Cryptorchidism 4)Testicular hypoplasia |
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What is crpytorchidism? Cause? |
Incomplete descent of testes found either at posterior pole of kidney to the external inguinal ring. Believed to be hereditary. |
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Risks with cryptorchidism? |
Increased risk of torsion. Reduced fertility. Increased risk of neoplasia. |
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Histologically what would a crpytorchidism testicle look like? |
Hypoplastic tubules containing sertoli cells. Increase fibrous tissue Thickened BM. Image with massons trichrome to highlight the extensive fibrosis. |
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What is testicular hypoplasia? |
Testes fail to grow to normal size due to a range of factors. |
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Causes of testicular hypoplasia? |
Genetic: Sex linked Autosomal recessive Environmental Hormonal factors like an endocrine deficiency Chromosomal abnormalities like XXY male tortoiseshell cat. |
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What is the most common cause of infertility? |
Testicular degeneration/atrophy. |
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What decides if atrophy of a testicle in unilateral or bilateral? |
If the cause is systemic or localized. |
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When can regeneration occur with testicular atrophy? |
Regeneration can occur if the cause is removed before the spermatogonia are all destroyed. |
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List the aetiological causes of testicular atrophy? |
1) Infections epididymitis 2) Aging 3) Chemicals and hormones 4) Physical conditions like temperature 5) Hypoxia 6) Nutritional disorders. |
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How will atrophied testes feel? |
Soft and small with loss of turgor. With chronicity become firm and hard due to mineralization also adopt a wrinkled appearance. |
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Histological features of atrophied testicles? |
1) Failure of maturation and formation of spermatids and loss of spermatogonia 2) Sertoli cells are vacuolated and lost. 3) Mineralization and fibrosis 4) The basement membrane is thickened and wavy. |
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Why is the testicular blood supply so vulnerable to trauma? |
The venous and arterial blood supply is restricted within the spermatic cord. |
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Examples of aetiologies leading to circulatory disturbances of the testicular blood supply? |
1) Torsion of the spermatic cord. 2) Thrombosis 3) Occlusion of testicular artery. |
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What diseases can lead to vasculitis and arteritis of the testicular blood supply? |
Malignant bovine catarrhal fever. Equine arteritis virus |
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Ultimately what does disruption of the blood supply of the testes lead to? |
Degeneration Atrophy Necrosis |
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What is a Variocoele? |
Tortuous/dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus. Common in old rams and can affect thermoregulation and as result fertility. |
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What is Orchitis? |
Inflammation of the testes that is rare and sporadic |
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What happens with Orchitis? |
Sperm are released into the interstitial tissue leading to granuloma. |
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Causes of orchitis? |
Haematogenous spread e.g. Brucella, feline infectious peritonitis. Ascending infection Secondary infection following localized trauma |
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Gross presentation of orchitis? |
Swollen, hot and painful testes. Necrosis can occur as the tunica albuginea cannot expand. |
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Histological presentations of Orchitis? |
Necrosis of the seminferous epithelium with or without exudate. Granulomatous inflammation Fibrosis Mineralization. |
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Name the germinal cell tumors arising in the testes? |
Teratoma Seminoma |
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Sex chord type neoplasms in the testicles? |
Seritoli cell tumours Leydig cell tumours. |
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What is feminisation syndrome associated with and why? |
Sertoli cell tumor due to oestrogen production |
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Clinical signs of Feminisation? |
Attractive to male dogs. Decreased libido. Symmetrical alopecia. Mammry hyperplasia. Preputial oedema. Hyperplastic/squamous metaplasia. Contralateral testicular atrophy. BM suppression due to high levels of oestrogen. |
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What causes a sperm granuloma? |
Sperm released into the interstitial tissue leading to a foreign body type reaction. May be congenital due to blind ending efferent tubules. |
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What is a spermatocoele? |
Cystic dilation of the epididymis causes accumulation of semen with rupture and sperm granulomas. |
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What is epididymitis? |
Inflammation of the epididymis and may occur with inflammation of the accessory sex glands too. |
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How is epididymitis caused? |
Ascending bacterial infection Systemic Direct penetrating wound. |
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What is funiculitis and when does it usually occur? |
Inflammation of the spermatic cord especially following castration. |
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What is ampullitis most common in? |
Young bulls |
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Congential abnormalites of the penis and prepuce? |
Absence or agenesis Absence of the sigmoid flexure. Persistent penile frenulum Phimosis-penis cannot be extruded. Paraphimosis- penis cannot returns after erection. |
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What is hypospadias/epispadias? |
Urethral malformation due to failure of fusion with the urogenital sinus. Abnormal openings on ventral Hypospadia or dorsal epispadia. |
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What is priapism? |
Penile paralysis common in horses following acepromazine administration. |
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What is posthitis? |
Inflammation of the prepuce |
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What is balanitis? |
Inflammation of the glans penis. |
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Cause of balanoposthitis in the dog ? |
Bacterial infection from staph, ecolis, streps. Canid herpes virus. |
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Cause of balanoposthitis in the bull? |
Bovine herpes virus 1 IBR. |
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Causes of balanoposthitis in the ram? How does it appear? |
Corynebacterium renale from contaminated bedding or flies also urea rich urine. Common in wethers. Ulcerative |
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Causes of balanoprothitis in the horse? |
Equine coital exanthema |
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What causes transmissable fibropapilloma in what species?
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Bovine papilloma virus 1 and 2 in cattle |
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Name the 4 main tumor types of the penis and prepuce? |
Transmissable fibropapilloma SCC-horse Melanoma-Grey horse Transmissible veneral tumour |
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Features to look for in a teratoma? |
Teratomas are generally very rare. They are of germ cell origin and often possess things like teeth, cartilage and bone. |
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What are seminoma characterised by? |
Tumor of the spermatogonia Lymphoid aggregates Sheets of cells |
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How can we characterize leydig cell tumors? |
Protinuous or blood filled spaces in it. Spaces with protein. Grossly yellowish to orange |
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Most common tumor is cyrptorchid animals? |
Tumor of the sertoli cells |
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Features of a sertoli cell tumor? |
Looks of connective tissue. |
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Which tumors of the testis are most likely to spread? |
Seminoma Sertoli cell tumors. |