Male And Female Reproductive Anatomy

Front 1

female anatomy

Back 1

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Front 2

describe the uterus

Back 2

a pear shaped muscular hollow structure

it is supported by ligaments and muscles

it is usually anterverted

Front 3

describe the location of the uterus

Back 3

• Lies predominantly in the midline

• It is anterior to the rectum

• Posterior to the urinary bladder

Front 4

what are 3 forms of abnormal uterus shapes?

Back 4

Forms of abnormal uteruses are: anti flexion, retroversion and retro flexion

Front 5

describe the gross anatomy of the uterus

Back 5

• Fundus: it has a domed shaped uterine roof which extends superiorly above the point where the uterine tubes enter the uterus.

the lateral margins of the uterus are slightly convex at the upper end of each. at the fundus uterine tube pierce the uterine walls.

• Body or corpus of the uterus – makes up the 2/3ds of the uterus. the body gradually narrows from the fundus to the isthmus

• Isthmus – lies at the junction of the body and the cervix of the uterus. It is a slight constriction.

• Cervix of uterus – this is the neck of the uterus, and the narrowest part. it is less freely able to move and is in a more fixed position compared to the body. the cervix communicates anteriorly with the body of the uterus through the internal orifice, and posteriorly communicates with the vaginal cavity through the external orifice. its function is to act like a sphincter.

Front 6

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

Back 6

• Outer parametrium – external layer

• Middle myometrium – thick muscular layer

• Inner endometrium – thin inner layer

Front 7

PATHOLOGIES OF THE UTERUS

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Front 8

What are fibroids

Back 8

• Fibroid isn’t fibrous it is smooth muscle with connective tissue

• Fibroids develop after puberty – they then increase in size during the reproductive years and regress after menopause

Front 9

what are treatment options for fibroids?

Back 9

• Treatment options are: hysterectomy, myomectomy, drug therapy to shrink fibroid and uterine artery embolization

Front 10

what is Uterine leiomyosarcoma

Back 10

• A malignant uterine mass

• May arise from a benign fibroid that has undergone malignant change

• Either very young or postmenopausal women are most affected

Front 11

what is an Endometrial carcinoma

Back 11

• A common gynaecological tumour

• A slow growing tumour

• Can be spread by local invasion initially and then by lymphatics.

Once in the lymphatics system metastases can then pass by blood stream into the lungs and liver

Front 12

PATHOLOGIES OF THE OVARIES

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Front 13

what are simple ovarian cysts

Back 13

• Very common cysts - fluid filled

• These usually require no treatment and will regress spontaneously

• Usually less than 5 cms

• All ovarian cysts greater than 5cms should be removed due to risk of malignancy

Front 14

what are Serous cystadenomas

Back 14

• Slow growing cysts

30% are bilateral. 5 -10 cms in diameter

• Can rupture and seed papillary debri into the peritoneum leading to ascites

• 30% undergo malignant change

Front 15

describe a Dermoid cyst

Back 15

• a cysts with Multiple tissues are present – all enclosed in firm fibrous capsule

• Can be solid or cystic with teeth, bone, cartilage, skin

• Common in young women

Front 16

what is an ovarian carcinoma?

Back 16

• 3rd most common tumour of the female genital tract – leading cause of death among women with gynaecological malignancies

• Metastatic disease occurs most commonly to the intraperitoneal surfaces of the bowel and opposite ovary, although metastases can also spread via lymphatic’s or blood.

Front 17

PATHOLOGIES OF THE PELVIS

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Front 18

what is endometriosis

Back 18

• Endometriosis is ectopic – the endometrium is not in its right place lining the uterine activity• This tissue however still responds to hormonal stimulation and as a result cyclic bleeding still occurs

Front 19

what are common sites for endometriosis

Back 19

most common site for endometriosis is the ovary, but it is also found in the round ligaments, fallopian tubes, recto-vaginal septum, pelvic peritoneum, intestinal wall, abdominal wall, umbilicus, laparotomy scars, lymph nodes, lungs and pleura

Front 20

what are signs of endometriosis?

Back 20

blocked fallopian tubes, chocolate cysts, intestinal obstruction, acute abdomen

Front 21

what are symptoms of endometriosis

Back 21

• Patients with endometriosis can present with;
• Pain (dysmenorrhoea,
• ovulation pain and dysparunia )
• Menorrhagia,
• Subfertility / Infertility,
• General ill health (Feels unwell especially at time of menstruation, slight fever etc),
• Haematuria,
• dysuria,
  

Front 22

what is adenomosis

Back 22

• Endometrial tissue found within the muscular layer of the uterus – the myometrium-

often as an inward growth of endometrial glands and stroma from the endometrium – leading to uterine enlargement

Front 23

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY

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Front 24

describe the structure/ gross anatomy of the testes

Back 24

• Testes are the organs of the male reproductive system – they consist of paired oval glands

• 5cm long 2.5 diameter

• Held within a pouch of pigmented skin called the scrotum which is divided into left and right

• This holds the testes 3 degrees below the body temperature

• They are covered by a dense layer of white fibrous tissue called the tunica albuginea

• The tunica extends inwardly to divide testes into 200-300 internal compartments called lobules

• Each lobule contains 1-3 tightly coiled convoluted seminiferous tubules

• Sperm are carried in a series of ducts

• The epididymis is a comma shaped organ lying on the posterior border of the testis

• It comprises a head body and tail

Front 25

describe the production of testosterone

Back 25

• Testes commence production of testosterone at puberty in response to FSH from the anterior pituitary•

Front 26

PATHOLOGIES OF THE TESTES

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Front 27

what is Hydrocele

Back 27

• An accumulation of serous fluid within the scrotum caused by infection

Front 28

what is torsion and can what can it lead to?

Back 28

• Caused by twisting movements which twists the spermatic cord and can cause problem with vascular supply and drainage of the testes

Front 29

what is orchitis?

Back 29

• Infection of the entire testis which causes pain and swelling. Often secondary to UTI. Resolves with scarring and can cause atrophy/ sterility

Front 30

what is Cryptorchidism

Back 30

• And undesceneded testis – can be located by either US, CT or MRI

• Spermatogenesis will be inhibited if cryptorchidism is left unresolved

Front 31

what are 3 tumours of the testes?

Back 31

• Seminoma

• Embryonal carcinoma

• Teratoma

Front 32

what are the structures of the spermatic cord

Back 32

• Passes through the inguinal canal

• Contains seminal duct, testicular duct, testicular artery and ein, lymphatics, nerves, cremaster muscle

Front 33

describe the structure of the male urethra

Back 33

• 18-20cms long and divided into three parts

• Prostatic part: widest – 3cm long ejaculatory and prostatic duct open into this part

• Membranous part: shortest, narrowest, 2cm long• Spongy part – longest 15cm runs through penis

Front 34

describe the gross anatomy of the penis

Back 34

• Cylindrical in shape

• Consists of:

• Root – attached to abdomen and lies in the peritoneum

• Body – 3 columns of erectile tissue

• Glans – slightly enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum covered by loose fitting foreskin

Front 35

PATHOLOGIES OF THE PENIS

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Front 36

Peyrones disease

Back 36

• Plaque is present in the corpus cavernosum which inhibits the flow of blood into the erectile tissue and causes the penis to deviate when erect

Front 37

describe a fracture of the penis

Back 37

• A traumatic tear in the tunica albuginea of the penis causing haemorrhage. Temp or perm dysfunction may be caused

Front 38

describe the prostate gland

Back 38

• Chestnut shaped

• Lies behind the symph at base of bladder

• Surrounds 1st part of the urethra

• Base extends upwards/apex extends downwards

• Posterior surface is in close relation to the rectum

• Outer fibrous capsule

• Inner fibro- muscular and glandular tissue

• Glandular cells secrete prostatic fluid

Front 39

what is Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Back 39

benign enlargement of the postate

Front 40

what are signs and symptoms of a postatic carcinoma?

Back 40

• Signs and symptoms – frequency of urination, blood test

Front 41

imaging modalities used to image ?prostatic carcinoma are...

Back 41

bone scan. CT pelvis/ MRI

Front 42

treatment for prostatic carcinoma are....

Back 42

radical or partial postatectomy

external beam radiotherapy

brachytherapy