Lippincott Ch. 2 Flashcards (Overview Of The Central Nervous System)

Front 1

Brain, brainstem, forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord

Back 1

Front 2

Identify the primary germ layer:

Develops into internal organs

Gives rise to somites (bone, skeletal muscle, and dermis of skin)

Develops into neural structures and epidermis of the skin

Innervation to mesodermic structures is through what part of nervous system? To endodermic structures?

Back 2

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Somatic

Visceral

Front 3

The process of a longitudinal band of ectoderm thickening to form the neural plate around week 3 of gestations is initiated by what?

Back 3

Notochord => the primary induced in the early embryo

Front 4

When do neural folds begin to close, forming a neural tube?

What end of the tube develops into brain? What end into spinal cord?

Back 4

End of week 3

Rostral = brain

Caudal = spinal cord

Front 5

What cells (as the fusion of the neural tube occurs and they dissociate from the top crest of each neural fold) migrate away from the neural tube and differentiate into a variety of cell types including the sensory neurons in the ganglia of the spinal nerves and some cranial nerves (V, VII, VIII, IX, and X), postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system, the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the adrenal medulla.

Back 5

Neural crest cells

Front 6

Somites

Neural folds

Neural plate

Cut edge

Neural tube

Neural groove

Neural plate

Neural folds

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Future neural crest

Back 6

Front 7

At what week does development of the brain begin?

Back 7

4

Front 8

What are the three primary vesicles and where do they appear on the neural tube (what end)?

Back 8

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Front 9

What are the five secondary vesicles and at what week do they appear?

Back 9

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myencephalon

Front 10

What are the three components of the brain?

Back 10

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

Front 11

What does the forebrain consist of

Back 11

Cerebral hemispheres and deep structures

Front 12

What are the midbrain and hindbrain collectively referred to as?

Back 12

Brainstem and cerebellum

Front 13

What are the three major vesicles from the neural tube? Then identify the five secondary vesicles.

Back 13

Prosencephalon => telencephalon and diencephalon

Mesencephalon => mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon => metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 14

What do the telencephalon and diencephalon develop into?

Back 14

Telencephalon => cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon => thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus

Front 15

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

Back 15

Midbrain

Front 16

What do the metencephalon and myencephalon develop into?

Back 16

Metencephalon => pons and cerebellum

Myencephalon => medulla

Front 17

Identify: Myencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon, prosencephalon, rhombencephalon, neural crest, neural tube

Back 17

Front 18

Forebrain:

Ventral surface is also what surface?

Dorsal suface is what surface?

Back 18

Ventral = inferior

Dorsal = superior

Front 19

Brainstem and spinal cord:

Ventral surface is what surface?

Dorsal surface is what surface?

Back 19

Ventral = anterior

Dorsal = posterior

Front 20

What is the term for a collection of neuronal cell bodies?

Collection of nerve cell bodies within the CNS?

Collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS?

Sum of all fiber tracts?

Bundle of axons in PNS?

Bundle of axons traveling from one area to another?

Back 20

Gray matter

Nucleus

Ganglion

White matter

Tract (myelination => "white appearance")

Nerve

Front 21

What are ridges in the cortex called?

What are grooves in the cortex called?

What separates the two hemispheres?

What separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe?

What separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

Back 21

Gyri

Sulci

Longitudinal fissure

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

Parietooccipital fissure

Front 22

What is the frontal lobe separated from the temporal lobe by?

What contains the primary motor areas in the frontal lobe?

Back 22

Central sulcus

Pre-central gyrus

Front 23

That is the area of the frontal lobe associate with emotion, motivation, personality, initiative, judgement, ability to concentrate, and social inhibitions?

What area on the medial surface is also important for modulating emotional aspects of behavior?

Back 23

Prefrontal association areas

Cingulate gyrus

Front 24

Located in the parietal lobe, what is the primary somatosensory area of the cortex?

Back 24

Postcentral gyrus

Front 25

Receptive or sensory aspects of language are also processed int he parietal lobe primarily in the dominant (typically left) hemisphere in what area?

Back 25

Wernicke area

Front 26

Which lobe involves aspects of spatial orientation and perception, including self-perception and interaction with the world around us?

Back 26

Parietal lobe

Front 27

Complete

Back 27

Front 28

Which lobe is involved primarily in processing visual information? How is it separated from the parieto-occipital sulcus?

The primary visual area is located on the medial side of what sulcus?

Back 28

Occipital

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Calcarine sulcus

Front 29

What lobe is important for processing auditory information? What is the area where our ability to hear and interpret what we hear is processed?

Back 29

Temporal lobe

Superior temporal gyrus

Front 30

What are the two components of limbic lobe?

Back 30

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

Front 31

Identify frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, precentral gyrus, central sulcus, lateral (Sylvian fissure).

Back 31

Front 32

Idenfity occipical lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe, limbic lobe, central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, hpothalamus, thalamus

Back 32

Front 33

Identify precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, central sulcus.

Back 33

Front 34

Identify olfactory bulb (CN I), optic nerve (CN II), optic chiasm, temporal pole, midbrain, limbic lobe, occipital pole, sagittal fissure.

Back 34

Front 35

What is a group of interconnected, interacting nuclei within the forebrain, diencephalon, and midbrain?

Back 35

Basal ganglia

Front 36

What are the forebrain components of the basal ganglia?

What do the basal ganglia play a critical role in?

Back 36

Caudate and lenticular (putamen and globus palidus) nuclei

Initiation and control of voluntary movements.

Front 37

Identify: frontal association areas, frontal eye fields, primary motor area, premotor area, association areas, sensory association, primary sensory, visual association areas, primary visual area, primary auditory area, speech comprehension (Wernicke), primary auditory area, motor speech (Broca).

Back 37

Front 38

Identify: primary visual cortex, visual association areas, primary sensory areas, sensory association areas, premotor area, primary motor area, frontal association areas, limbic areas, association areas long-term memory.

Back 38

Front 39

The _____ system consists of interconnected and interacting structures that provide a neuroanatomical substrate for drive-related and emotional behaviors and play a role in learning and memory. The deep forebrain components of the limbic system include the _____ and _____, both of which are located in the temporal lobe.

Back 39

The limbic system consists of intercon- nected and interacting structures that provide a neuroanatomi- cal substrate for drive-related and emotional behaviors and play a role in learning and memory. The deep forebrain components of the limbic system include the amygdala and hippocampus, both of which are located in the temporal lobe (see Figure 2.10).

Front 40

Identify: ventricular system, maxillary bodies, amygdala, hippocampus in the floor of the lateral ventricle, thalamus.

Back 40

Front 41

What fibers connect cortical regions in the same hemisphere? What fibers reciprocally connect areas of cortex in one hemisphere with corresponding areas of opposite hemisphere? What fibers carry information to and from cerebral cortex?

What is the largest set of commissural fibers?

Largest set of projection fibers?

Back 41

Corpus callosum

Corona radiata (bundled into the internal capsule and contains all the fibers traveling among the cortex, spinal cord, and deep forebrain structures).

Front 42

What is the critical processing station for all sensory information (except olfactory) and plays key roles in processing motor information, integrating higher order cognitive and emotional information, and in regulating cortical activity (the "gatekeeper" to the cortex)?

Back 42

Thalamus

Front 43

What structure is structurally part of the diencephalon but functionally part of the limbic system. It plays key roles in coordinating and integrating endocrine, auto- nomic, and homeostatic functions?

Back 43

Hypothalamus

Front 44

What structure is part of the basal ganglia and plays an important role in modulating and inte- grating voluntary movement and muscle tone?

Back 44

Subthalamus

Front 45

Through the activity of what structures does the brainstem achieve integrative function?

Back 45

Reticular formation nuclei

Front 46

What tract that mediates voluntary motor activity travels through the cerebral peduncles?

Back 46

Corticospinal tract

Front 47

What structure connecting the third and fourth ventricles is found in the dorsal area of the midbrain?

Back 47

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 48

Identify basal portion of pons, interpeduncular fossa, basis peduculi or cerebral peduncle, mamillary body, optic tract.

Also superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, superior/middle/inferior cerebellar peduncle, and obex.

Back 48

Front 49

What does the basal pons consist of?

Back 49

Corticospinal fibers

Transverse pontocerebellar fibers (carry information from pontine nuclei to opposite cerebellum through middle cerebellar peduncles)

Front 50

What does the posterior surface of the pons consist of?

Back 50

Fourth ventricle and rostral the superior cerebellar peduncles

Front 51

What is located on the anterior rostral portion of the medulla? What is contained in this?

Posterior surface?

Back 51

Pyramids with descending corticospinal fibers

Caudal part of fourth ventricle

Inferior cerebellar peduncles on posterolateral surface

Front 52

What overlies the prominent olivary nuclear complex involved in modulating motor activity on the lateral surface of the rostral medulla?

Back 52

Olives

Front 53

What is an outgrowth of the pons that functions in processing of sensory information and coordination of voluntary motor activity?

Back 53

Cerebellum

Front 54

Identify vermis, cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellar peduncles, pons, fourth ventricle, cerebellum attachment to pons via peduncles.

Back 54

Front 55

Where does the spinal cord end in newborns? Adults?

Back 55

Newborns = L3 level

Adults = L1-L2 level

Front 56

Identify gray matter, white matter, posterior rootlets, posterior root (sensory), spinal ganglion, anterior root (motor), anterior rootlets.

Back 56

Front 57

Identify brainstem, spinal cord, lumbar enlargement, cervical enlargement, conus medullaris, filum terminale

Back 57

Front 58

CSF fills the ventricles and surrounds the brain in what space?

Back 58

Subarachnoid space

Front 59

Where is CSF produced?

Back 59

Choroid plexus (between two lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle) and some production through the brain parenchyma.

Front 60

Identify posterior horn of lateral ventricle, anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, third ventricle, inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, fourth ventricle, lateral foramina of Luschka, medial foramen of Magendie, cerebral aqueduct.

Back 60

Front 61

Identify interventricular foramen, body, inferior horn, anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, fourth ventricle, lateral foramina of Luschkae, central canal.

Back 61

Front 62

Identify body (lateral ventricle), anterior horn (lateral ventricle), inter thalamic connection, third ventricle, inter ventricular foramen, inferior horn (lateral ventricle), central canal, posterior horn (lateral ventricle), cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle

Back 62

Front 63

How is CSF produced in the choroid plexus?

What is the major difference between CSF and plasma?

Back 63

Passage of substances through the fenestrated endothelium and active transport through the ependymal cells.

Passive transport and dissuasion of water to maintain osmolarity.

Major difference = protein content (much higher in serum).

Front 64

What is the main motor of CSF production?

What is the path of CSF circulation?

Back 64

Continuous production of new CSF.

Lateral => third => fourth ventricle => lateral foramina of Luschka and medial foramen of Magendie into subarachnoid space (central canal) of spinal cord.

Front 65

What are subarachoid cisterns?

Where is the cisterna magna located?

Back 65

Regions with large amounts of CSF.

Caudal to the cerebellum, just above the foramen magnum.

Front 66

How is CSF reabsorbed (what is the pathway)?

Back 66

Moves posteriorly around spinal cord and back up again anteriorly => reaches arachnoid granulations that protrude into superior sagittal venous sinus => absorption driven by pressure gradient between the subarachnoid space and the venous sinus.

Front 67

Identify bone, pia, cortex, arachnoid, two layers of the dura, middle meningeal artery, bridging vein, venous sinus, cerebral arteries and veins/CSF/arachnoid trabeculae

Back 67

Front 68

What type of hematoma after traumatic head injury with a skull fracture, which ruptures the middle meningeal artery. The pressure from the bleed separates the dura from the bone?

Back 68

Extradural/epidural

Front 69

What type of hematoma occurs when violent shaking of the head severs the veins connecting to the dural sinuses—“shaken baby syndrome?"

Back 69

Subdural

Front 70

What type of hematoma occur in hemorrhagic stroke or bleeding of an arterial aneurysm?

Back 70

Subarachnoid

Front 71

Identify superior sagittal sinus, tentorium, falx cerebri, occipital sinuses, confluence of sinuses, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinuses, sigmoid vein, jugular vein.

Back 71

Front 72

What is a dural reflection that covers the pituitary fossa in the base of the skull?

What innervates dura mater in anterior and middle cranial fossae?

What about in the posterior cranial fossa?

Back 72

The dura mater is pain sensitive. Dura mater in the anterior and middle cranial fossae receives its innervation through meningeal branches from the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve [CN] V). Dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa is innervated by meningeal branches of the vagus nerve (CN X).

Front 73

What supplied the dura mater with blood?

Back 73

Middle meningeal artery (travel in the periosteal layer of the dura

Front 74

What small strands of collagenous material connect to the pia mater?

Back 74

Arachnoid trabeculae

Front 75

How can a subdural space be created?

Back 75

Bleed between the arachnoid and the dura.

Front 76

How do vessels enter the neuropil?

Back 76

Through a sleeve of pia called the perivascular space.

Front 77

What type of hemorrhage occurs when an arterial aneurysm ruptures?

Back 77

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

"worst headache of my life," sudden onset, spinal tap shows red cells in CSF

Front 78

What are the two sources of the blood supply to the brain?

Back 78

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

Front 79

Label the parts of the circle of Willis: Vertebral arteries, posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, internal carotid arteries, anterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral artery.

Back 79

Front 80

What is a direct extension of the internal carotid artery that supplies most of the lateral surface of the brain as well as deep structures, such as basal ganglia and the internal capsule?

Back 80

Middle cerebral artery

Front 81

What is the difference between communicating hydrocephalus and noncommunicating hydrocephalus?

Back 81