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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reduplication |
"repetition of all or part of a root, typically immediately before or after the original. Often indicates plurality or intensification, though meanings vary widely across languages." |
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Affixes |
Any sort of bound morpheme |
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Morpheme |
The smallest unit bearing meaning in a language |
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Derivation |
Changes inherent meaning of utterance; optional process |
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Inflection |
"the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person,number, gender and case." Obligatory process. e.g. I approve the plan; He approves the plan. es is inflectional because it is obligatory within the grammar of the language. |
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Evidentiality |
Requirement to state where you go the information |
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Phoneme |
Distinct units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a specified language e.g. pad, pat, bad, bat |
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Polysynthetic |
Extreme; Long sentence-words e.g. Yupic |
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Synthetic |
Good size number of morphemes per word |
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Analytic |
Little or no inflection per word; One morpheme per word or meaning "any language that uses specific grammatical words, or particles, rather than inflection, to express syntactic relations within sentences. " -Britanica |
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Isolating |
"a language in which each word form consists typically of a single morpheme." -Britanica |
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Agglutinating |
"a grammatical process in which words are composed of a sequence of morphemes, each of which represents not more than a single grammatical category." http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9059/agglutination |
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Fusional |
Many meanings per morpheme |
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Koine |
Language that arises through contact between speakers of genetically-related languages; Simplified form; lingua franca |
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Pidgin |
A new language developed to communicate with speakers of genetically-unrelated languages. |
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Substrate Language |
"contributes some of the grammatical skeleton for the language, including word order or inflectional categories" |
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Superstrate ("lexifer") Language |
"contributes the majority of the lexicon, but differs in details of grammar." |
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Creole |
Language derived from pidgin as learned by subsequent generations of parents that spoke Pidgin languages |
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Language Age |
Age: not measured by degree of conservatism e.g. English and German are equally old |
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Options for mutual-intelligibility |
1. Use of a 3rd language out of politeness 2. |
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Phonotactics |
Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. |
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How do we know how old languages were actually pronounced? |
contemporary grammars and pronounciations guides; poetry (rhyme, meter) |
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Comparative Method: A Triumph of 19th-Century Philology |
a) compare words in sister languages, sound by sound b) establish regular sound change rules to account for sound correspondences across languages c) reconstruct the proto-language by undoing the sound changes (working backwards) |
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Grimm's Law |
Consolidated observations on the sound correspondences between the Germanic languages and other Indo-European languages. Original voiced stops became voiceless; Aspirated voiced stops lost aspiration; |
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How do languages gain phonemes? |
a. borrowed sounds b. loss/change of morphology 1) Umlaut created a new allophone 2) Vowel reduction |
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Allophones of the same phoneme |
imput and input |
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Grice's Maxims: The Logic of Communication with Language |
1) quantity: be as informative as possible, but do not provide more info than needed 2) quality: try to be truthful 3) stay relevant to discussion 4) speak in clear and non-obscure way |
