Ling112 Test #2

Front 1

Language Contact:

Back 1

existence and use of more than one language in the same place at the same time

Front 2

Contact Languages:

Back 2

the languages that are used in the types of contact situations such as trade, colonization/slavery, war, immigration

Front 3

Lingua Franca:

Back 3

- a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them
- a language used for communication between people whose first languages differ
- : a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community

Front 4

Pidgin:

Back 4

- a contact language with no native speakers
- : developed as a means of communication between people who do not have a common language

Front 5

Pidginization:

Back 5

the process when a language (pidgin) becomes made up of elements of two or more other languages and is used for contacts between speakers of other languages

Front 6

Polysemy:

Back 6

a linguistic feature in which the capacity for a sign (e.g. word) to have multiple related meanings is large

Front 7

Creole:

Back 7

- a pidgin which has acquired native speakers
- a pidgin which has undergone creolization

Front 8

Creolization:

Back 8

the process by which a pidgin becomes a creole

Front 9

Monogenetic:

Back 9

all pidgins and creoles are descended from one family tree

Front 10

Polygenetic:

Back 10

every pidgin and creole is uniquely developed from language contact

Front 11

Decreolisation:

Back 11

when a creole is used side-by-side with the standard variety in a community where social barriers are not insuperable, features of the creole tend to change in the direction of the standard variety

Front 12

Language Change:

Back 12

Variation over time which originates in spacial (regional) and social variation

Front 13

Group-to-group change:

Back 13

Variant used by one group becomes used by other groups

Front 14

Style-to style change:

Back 14

Feature of one style of speech spreads to other styles; change spreads from one style to another (e.g. more formal speech to casual speech)

Front 15

Lexical Diffusion:

Back 15

Sound changes spread from one word to another and so on

Front 16

Real Time Study:

Back 16

Comparing how people speak at one time with another time

Front 17

Apparent Time Study:

Back 17

Compare speakers of different age groups at a single point in time

Front 18

Stable Variation:

Back 18

Variation exists within a variety or language but it remains the same (i.e. doesn’t change)

Front 19

Stability:

Back 19

A variation exists but it doesn’t change over time

Front 20

Age-Grading:

Back 20

Sudden language change in an individual

Front 21

Generational Change:

Back 21

Each new generation uses more of the variant or each generation uses a different variant

Front 22

Community-Wide Change:

Back 22

Everyone in the community changes more or less at the same time

Front 23

Disyllabic:

Back 23

two syllable pronunciation of a single syllable

Front 24

Lexical Variation:

Back 24

Variation in words used

Front 25

Phonological Variation:

Back 25

Variation in the pronunciation of sounds (i.e. consonants and vowels)

Front 26

Shift:

Back 26

Replacing one language by another as the primary means of communication and socialisation in a community (coined by Joshua Fishman in 1964)

Front 27

Language death:

Back 27

A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it anymore

Front 28

Language loss:

Back 28

- The manifestation, in the individual’s experience, of wide-scale language death.
- One individual losing a language

Front 29

Displace:

Back 29

One language/thing replaces another language/thing

Front 30

Passive bilingual:

Back 30

Completely understands the language but can’t or won’t speak it

Front 31

Assimilation:

Back 31

The language or culture coming to resemble another language or culture

Front 32

Stable Diglossic Community:

Back 32

Continuous bilingualism in a community, with both high and low variety present

Front 33

Intermarriage:

Back 33

Marrying between different groups

Front 34

Maintenance:

Back 34

Continuing use of one language in the face of competition from a more powerful language in a community (coined by Joshua Fishman in 1964)

Front 35

Revitalisation:

Back 35

Making sure a language doesn’t die once the language is in danger

Front 36

Intergenerational Transmission:

Back 36

Parents passing a language onto children

Front 37

Language Planning:

Back 37

Deliberate language change; a deliberate step-by-step intervention

Front 38

Language Planners:

Back 38

People who develop a policy of language use which will solve the problems appropriately in particular speech communities

Front 39

National Language:

Back 39

the language of a political, cultural and social unit which is a symbol of national unity or identity
- functions: identify and unite its people
- Symbolic; affective or ideological value

Front 40

Official Language:

Back 40

a language which may be used for government or official business
- functions: primarily utilitarian/pragmatic rather than symbolic
- Practical; referential or instrumental value

Front 41

De facto:

Back 41

Actual official language of government and education despite not being declared

Front 42

De jure:

Back 42

Legal status as official languages

Front 43

Selection:

Back 43

Choosing the variety or code to be developed

Front 44

Corpus Planning/Codifying:

Back 44

Standardising the languages structural or linguistic features, making changes as needed and making a record

Front 45

Orthography:

Back 45

Alphabet and spelling

Front 46

Elaborating:

Back 46

Status Planning
- Extending a languages functions for use in new domains

Front 47

Securing/Acceptance:

Back 47

Status Planning
- giving the declared variety higher status/prestige
- to do with the attitude of the people
- encouraging people to develop pride/loyalty

Front 48

Standardization:

Back 48

Developing a low variety for use in high domains

Front 49

Vernacularization:

Back 49

Developing a high variety for use in low domains