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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Levels of combinatorial structure |
Sounds, Words, Sentences |
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Phonetics |
The articulation and perception of speech sound |
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Phonology |
The system of sounds and how to string them together |
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Morphology |
Study of internal word structure |
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Morpheme |
the smallest unit of language that can be associated with meaning or grammatical function |
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Syntax |
Study of sentence structure |
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Semantics |
the arbitrary relationship between words and meaning |
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Pragmatics |
difference between literal meaning and what the speaker really means |
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Descriptive Rules |
things people DO/CAN say |
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Prescriptive Rules |
rules people SHOULD use |
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Mental lexicon |
Stock of words of a language(mental dictionary) |
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Simple Words |
Containing only one morpheme |
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Complex Words |
Containing multiple morphemes |
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Morpheme Identification |
Must contribute to meaning and must be able to combine with other morphemes to create new words |
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Stem |
A root or root with one or more affixes that can be used to attach affixes |
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Affix |
A morpheme that attaches to roots or stems and changes meaning |
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Prefix |
An Affix that comes before a stem |
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Suffix |
An affix that goes after a stem |
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Circumfix |
An affix that surrounds a stem, broken into two parts |
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Infix |
Affix inside a word "Fan-F*ckin-Tastic" |
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Free morpheme |
A type of morpheme that can appear by itself or with other morphemes attached to it |
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Bound morpheme |
A type of morpheme that cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morhpemes |
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Derivational affixes |
An affix that when attached to a word, it makes a new word with a new meaning |
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Inflection affixes |
An affix that simply adapts the word to the context of the sentence without changing part of speech |
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Lexical Morphemes |
A type of morpheme that has some kind of indentifiable meaning |
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Functional morpheme |
A type of morpheme that gives information about grammatical function by relating words of a sentence |
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Compounding |
The process of combining two or more free morphemes |
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Acronyms |
Abbreviations pronounced like words |
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Blending |
The combining of two different words to make a new word (Tayblee) |
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Orthography |
Alphabet Spelling |
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Subglottal system |
Part of the respiratory system located below the larynx |
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Larynx |
Voicebox. Contains vocal chords and glottis |
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Vocal Tract |
Composed of the oral and nasal cavities |
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Height |
Tongue is higher or lower in your mouth
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Frontness
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Horizontal position of the tongue
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Dipthong |
Sequence of two vowel sounds |
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Minimal pairs |
Two words/morpheme that differ by just one sound in the same position
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Allophones |
A set of possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language
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Discrete Infinity |
Combing a finite number of words and morphemes to create potentially infinite sentences
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Contituent |
A group of words, or phrase that belong together and can be combined to make sentences. |
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Structural Ambiguity |
When a sentence has more than one possible way to group consituents
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Voicing |
Vibration of vocal chords |
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Fricative |
Air forced through the opening between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge |
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Constituency Tests |
Stand alone(can you ask a question for which the group of words can form a grammatical answer?), move as a unit(Can it be displaced as a unit), replacement(Can you substitute the constituent as a while with a proform?)///Only need one test to come out grammatical in order to conclude the string of words is a constituent
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Noun Phrase Rules |
NP --> (Det) N' NP--> NP PP NP-->NP NP N'-->Adj N N'-->N |
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Verb Phrase Rules |
VP-->V (NP) VP-->Vp PP VP-->V (CP) |
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Prepositional Phrase Rules |
PP-->P (NP) |
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Sentence --> ? PS-Rules |
S-->NP Vp |
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Complementizer Phrase Rules |
CP--> C S Complementizer = that, and, but etc. |
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Structural Ambiguity |
The difference in meaning is where the PP is adjoined |
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Lexical ambiguity |
One or more of the words of the sentence has multiple meanings |
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Incompatibility |
Two sentences that describe mutually exclusive situations |
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Synonymy |
Two sentences that express the same thought, convey the same information, are true in the same circumstances |
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Entialment |
Whenever sentence A is true sentence B is also true |
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Truth-value judgments |
The ability to discriminate between situations in which a declarative sentence is true from those in which it is false |
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Semantic Competence |
The ability to detect semantic relations and to associate sentences to situations in the world |
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Truth Conditions |
The different situations in the world would make a sentence true or false |
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Principle of Compositionality |
The meaning of a sentence is derived from the meaning of its parts and the way they are syntactically combined
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Indexicals |
Refers to speaker, hearer, the utterance location, and the utterance time (I, you, here, now) |
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Demonstratuves |
Points to things in the context(that, this, these, those) |
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Deictic expressions |
Words that depend on the external context of the conversation in order to have meaning |
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Third person pronouns |
Points to people/things in the context or previous utternaces(He/him, They/them) |
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Linguistic Context |
Words change meaning based on what preceded a particular utterance in a discourse |
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Situational Context |
Includes information available to the participants of the conversation regarding the situation in which a given sentence is uttered |
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Social Context |
Includes information about the relationships between the people who are speaking and what their roles are |
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Implicatures |
Inferences about what the speaker intended to communicate |
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Cooperative Principle |
The assumption that the person we are speaking with is making the best contribution possible |
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Grice's Maxims |
Quality-be truthful///quantity-be informative///relation-be relevant///manner-be clear |
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Maxim of Quantity |
During conversation: Make your contribution as informative as is required. Do not say more than is required. |
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Maxim of Relevance |
During conversation: Address the topic/point that’s key to the current purpose of the conversation. This prevents random topic shifts |
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Maxim of Manner |
During conversation: avoid ambiguity and obscurity. Also be brief and orderly |
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Maxim of Quality |
During conversation: contribute only what you know to be true and do not say something for which you lack evidence |
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Flouting Quality |
During conversation: Saying something obviously false has the effect of communicating a comment on the perceived truth of the original claim |
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Flouting Relevance |
During conversation: By saying something off topic, you can indicate that you have no good things to say about the topic |
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Flouting Manner |
During conversation: being sarcastic |
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Mutually intelligible |
Can be understood in both directions |
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Idiolects |
An individual's speech variety |
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Dialects |
A variety of language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by systematic differences from other varieties of the same language in terms of structural or lexical features |
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Speech community |
a group of people that speak the same dialect |
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Dialect Influences |
Geographical separation, educational differences, class differences, desire to differentiate themselves |
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Dialectal Variation |
Pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar contribute to this |
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Standard Dialect |
The dominant or prestige form of a language used by political leaders, the media, and speakers from high socio-economic classes. |
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How Languages die |
Genocide//coerced assimilation//displacement//language shift |
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Speech styles |
Systematic variations in speech based on factors such as topic, setting and person you're talking to. Aka Registers |
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Hypercorrection |
When lower-middle class speakers go beyond the highest status group in using the standard form in formal styles |
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Casual Speech |
Unmonitored speech, the vernacular. |
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Interview Style of Speech |
When speaker is providing answers to an interviewer, focused on content. Some self-monitoring. |
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Reading Passage speech |
When reading connected speech, highly self monitored focused on content more than pronunciation |
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Word List/ Minimal Pair List speech |
When reading a random list of words, speaker focuses almost completely on pronunciation with attempt to differentiate |
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Five Speech Styles |
Minimal pair, word list, reading passage, interview style, casual speech (from most formal to least formal and from high self-monitoring to low self-monitoring) |
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Jargon |
Technical language that differs only in lexical items (ex: rhinitis vs runny nose) |
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Common slang vs. in group slang |
informal every day language vs specialized slang of a particular group at a particular time |
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Conditions of a slang exclamation |
Must have unmarked gender and a connotation of social power |