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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
simple proposition
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Representable by a single Predicator
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Illocutionary act
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Is the speaker’s intention/intended function Ex: I am so grateful that… (thanking, congratulating, accusing, naming, offering giving permission, any social convention)
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Perlocutionary act
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Is carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others.
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Transitive
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Given a two place predicate P, if for any trio of referring expressions X,Y, and Z the compound sentence XPY and XPZ ENTAILS the sentence XPZ, then P is transitive. Ex: The King is in his counting house (X) and his counting house is in his castle (y). Entails The King is in his castle (z) Predicate in is transitiveIF P THEN Q, IF Q THEN R, IF P THEREFORE R
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Intransitive
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Given a two place predicate P, if for any trio of relating expressions X, Y, and Z, the compound sentence XPY and XPZ is a CONTRADICTORY of XPZ, then P is intransitive. Ex: John is the father of Bill (x) and Bill is the father of Sue (y) is incompatible with John is the father of Sue (z), so father is intransitive.
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directive act
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Is the illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker trying to get the hearer to behave in some required way.
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comissive act
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Is the illocutionary act in which the speaker commits himself to behave in some required way. Ex: Promising and swearing (in one sense) are commissive acts.
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symmetric
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Given a two place predicate P, for any pair of referring expressions X and Y, the sentence XPY ENTAILS the sentence YPX, then P is symmetric Ex: Same is symmetric predicate, since for any X and Y, X is the same as Y entails Y is the same as X (if X is the same as Y, then Y must be the same as X)
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asymmetric
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Given a two place predicate P, if the sentence XPY is a CONTRADICTORY of YPX, then P is ASYMMETRIC predicate. Ex: John is taller then Bill is a contradictory of Bill is taller than John. Therefore taller than is an asymmetric predicate.
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reflexive
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Given a two place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or for any pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g. john himself), the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is ANALYTIC, then P is a REFLEXIVE predicate. Ex: The predicate as tall as is reflexive, because whenever we form a sentence with one referring expression as its subject and put another with the same referent as tall himself, the result is an analytic sentence.
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irreflexive
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Given a two place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or for any pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g. John and himself) the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is a CONTRADICTION Ex: The predicate is taller than is an IRREPLEXIVE, because any sentence X is taller than Y, where X and Y habe the same referent, is bound to be a contradiction.
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Compositionality of meaning
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The meaning of any expression is a function of the meanings of the parts of which it is composed. Ex: The truth given for & and V are in fact functions of the kind mentioned in this definition
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flicity conditions
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statement must relate to a future action
Speaker was believe that the hearer wants the action to occur The speaker believes that the hearer believes that the speaker can make the proposed act occur It is not obvious that the proposed action will happen naturally. |
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ajacency pairs
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turn taking
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implicature
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A concept of utterance meaning as opposed to sentence meaning, but it’s parallel in many ways to the sense relation (i/e/ sentence meaning concept) of entailment
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derivation
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the process of forming new words according to a regular pattern on the bases of pre- exsisting words.
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coversion
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derivation involving no morphological process at all. A root morpheme is converted from one part of speech to another without the addition of either a prefix or suffix to the root.
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agent
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the person deliberately carrying out the action described
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affected
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participant or thing upon which the action is carried out, in many cases the thing is changed by action
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instrument
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the thing by which the action is carried out
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Location
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where the action occurs
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beneficiary
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whose benefit-detriment the action is carried out
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experiencer
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the person who is mentally aware of the action (in a sentence), but is not in control.
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theme
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The thing or person who is perceived by the experiencer and where the location is described.
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structural metaphor
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abstract metaphorical systems in which an entire complex mental concept is structured in terms of some other concpt.
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orientational metaphor
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in which concepts are spatially related to each other
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ontological metaphor
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in which an abstraction, such as an activity, emotion, or idea, is represented as something concrete, such as an object, substance, container, or person.
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metonymy
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is a kind of non-literal language in which one entity is used to refer to another entity is associated with it in some way. In other words , metonymic concepts allow us to conceptualize one thing by means of it’s pelation to somethign else
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polysemy
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multiple meanings of a single word or phrase,
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How are two formulas semantically equivalent?
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if they have the same logical content.
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Gricean maxims
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Quality-Don’t say things that you believe are false
Quantity- informative as necessary. Not too much, not too little. Relation- Is it relevant? Manner- Clear, brief, and orderly |
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performative verb
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when used in simple positive present tense sentences, with a 1st person singular subject, can make the utterance of that sentence performative Hereby
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performative utterances
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perform speech act and simioustaniously describe that act
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Direct speech act
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for matches intended function
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indirect speech act
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form does not match intended function
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Modus Ponens
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If the problem/ proposition PENTAILS proposition Q, and P is true, Q is true ex: It’s raining, then the street is wet. It’s raining. Therefore the street is wet. ex: p → Q
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commutativity of conjunction
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p&q therefore q&p
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communtativity of disjunction
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pVq therefore qVp
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semantic collocation
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words that frequently go together
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