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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
distinctive features
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enable us to desribe the segments in the world's language, and to refer to those groups of segments that play a role in their characteristic phonological processes and constraints
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natural segment classes
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groups of segments that are treated as groups by languages
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univalent features
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features that are either present or absent in the representation of segments (ex: labial)
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binary features
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features that are present with a minus value or a plus value (ex: +/- voice)
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true
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true or false: segments in nautral segment classes are phonetically similar
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1. they should be capable of characterizing natural segment classes.
2. they should be capable of describing all segmental contrasts in the world's languages. 3. they should be definable in phonetic terms. |
what are the 3 requirements of a distinctive feature system?
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natural classes
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both the group of segments that has the minus value and the group that has the plus value in binary features form ___________ ____________.
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major-class features
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classify segments into segment types like "vowel" and "obstruent"
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laryngeal features
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specify the glottal properties of the segment
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manner features
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specify the type of constriction, or more generally the manner of articulation
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place features
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encode the place of articulation
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[+-consonantal], [+-sonorant], and [+-approximant]
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what are the three major-class features?
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[+cons]
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segments with constriction somewhere along the centre line in the vocal tract (plosives, affricates, fricatives, nasals, laterals, [r]
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[-cons]
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segments that lack a constriction in the center line of vocal tract (vowels, glides, glottal stop, [h]
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[+son]
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segments produced with a constriction in the vocal tract which allow sthe air pressure behind it and in front of it to be relatively equal (vowels, glides, liquids, nasals)
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[-son]
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segments with an oral constriction with increases air pressure (plosives, fricatives, affricates, laryngeal segments)
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[+approx]
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segments which have a constriction in the vocal tract which allows a free (frictionless) escape of air (vowels, non-nasal sonorants such as l)
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[-approx]
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segments without frictionless escape of air
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[+voice]
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segments for which the vocal cords are close enough together to allow vibration (vowels, sonorant consonants, voiced obstruents)
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[-voice]
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segments without vibration of vocal cords (voiceless obstruents)
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[+spread glottis] aka [+spread]
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segments with vocal cord that produces audible friciton in the glottis (aspirated segments, [h])
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[-spread]
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segments without audible friction in the glottis
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[+constricted glottis] aka [+constr]
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segments with tense vocal cords that are drawn together (gottal stop, laryngealized vowels, laryngealized sonorant consonants, glottalized obstruents, impolosives)
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[-constr]
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segments without tense and drawn together vocal cords
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[+cont]
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segments that lack a central occlusion in the vocal tract
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[-cont]
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segments that have a central occlusion in the vocal tract (plosives, nasal consonants, affricates, laterals)
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[+nasal]
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segments produced with the velum (soft palate) lowered
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[-nasal]
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segments with the velum in its closed (raised) position
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[+strident]
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relevant for obstruents only: segments that cause a noisier kind of friction than the opposite binary type (f, s, 'sh')
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[-strident]
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segments that cause a less noisy kind of friction than the opposite binary type ('th')
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sbilants
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what class of sounds is [coronal] and [+strident}?
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[+lateral] aka [+lat]
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segments that have a central tongue contact in the oral cavity with one or both sides of the tongue being held away from teh roof of the mouth, allowing air to escape there (l)
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[-lat]
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segments that are not laterals
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progressive devoicing
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devoices fricatives after obstruents
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[+-voice], [+-spread], [+-constr]
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what are the three laryngeal features?
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[+-cont], [+-nasal], [+-strident], [+-lat]
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what are the four manner features?
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[labial], [coronal], [dorsal], [radical]
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what are the four place features (univalent)?
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[+-round]
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binary features used to specify labial features?
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[+round]
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labial segments that have lips rounded
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[-round]
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labial segments that don't have lips rounded
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[+-coronal], [+-distributed]
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binary features used to specify coronal features?
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[+ant]
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coronal features in which the crown of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge or somewhere further forward (t, s, th)
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[-ant]
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coronal features in which the crown of the tongue articulates with a point behind the alveolar ridge (sh)
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[+distr]
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coronal features that are produced with a constriction that extends for a great distance along the vocal tract (sh, ch)
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[-distr]
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coronal features that are not produced with constriction that extends for great distance along vocal tract (t, d, n, s, z)
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apical
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consonants produced with only the tip of the tongue
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laminal
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blade-articulated consonants
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dorsal
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sounds articulated with a bunched dorsum (k, g, ng, q)
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[+-high], [+-low], [+-back], and [+-tense]
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what are the four binary features used to describe dorsal features
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[+high]
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dorsal segments that raise the dorsum to a position close to the roof of the mouth (i, y, u)
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[+low]
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dorsal segment that have a bunched dorsum low in the mouth (a)
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[-low]
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dorsal segments that have the bunched dorsum not low in the mouth
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[+back]
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dorsal segments that have the bunch of the tongue in the center of the mouth or further back (velar and uvular consonants, u, o)
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[-back]
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dorsal segments that have the bunch of the tongue in the front of the mouth
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[-high]
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dorsal segments that have the dorsum not raised to a position close to the roof of the mouth (e, o, a)
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[+tense]
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dorsal segments that are produced with a more peripheral and somewhat closer tongue position (I)
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[-tense]
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dorsal segments that are produced with less peripheral and farther away tongue position (i, u)
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[radical] aka pharyngeal
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sounds articulated with the root of the tongue
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underspecification theory
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large body of work devoted to the question of whether redundant features should be included in teh underlying representation of morphemes and if not, when they should be supplied
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+
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represents a morpheme boundary?
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#
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represents a word boundary?
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focus
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information to the left of the arrow in phonetic rule
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structural change (SC)
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information between the arrow and the slash in the phonetic rule
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structural description (SD)
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the focus plus the context in the phonetic rule
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context
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information to the right of the slash in a phonetic rule
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rule is applied vacuously
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structural description is satisfied, but application of the rule does not bring about a difference
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brace
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used to indicate "either...or"
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parenthesis notation
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used to include optional elements in rules
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simultaneous rule ordering
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rule applies at the same time as the underlying representation. any rule always scans the underlying representation to see if its structural description was met, and if it was, the change is made
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