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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phonetics
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The acoustic study of sounds, physics of speech
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Phonology
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Categorization of sound in a language
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Morphology
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The study of morphemes and its combination with other morphemes
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Syntax
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The study of the structure of a language
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Semantics
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The study of meaning
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Proto-Germanic was spoken...
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In some parts of Europe prior to 750 BC
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Old English was spoken...
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450-1066 CE
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OE is a dialect of...
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Germanic
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Middle English was spoken...
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1066 (Norman Invasion) - 1500's (Printing Press)
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ME borrowed a lot from...
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French
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Modern English spoken...
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1476, William Caxton brought the printing press to England
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Characteristics of Morphemes 1
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A morpheme is not the same as a syllable
ex: pregnant vs. elephant |
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2
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Morphemes may be homophonous
ex: incapable vs. invade |
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3
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Multiple morphemes with same meaning
ex: andr (male, man) vs. mascul (male) |
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4
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Historical meaning is not the same as current meaning
ex: kleenex |
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Native English words
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Body parts, familial relations, natural objects, physical acts, physical characteristics
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Why barrow words?
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Need: toponyms, technology, food
Prestige: ie fatherly/paternal |
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Language family of English
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Germanic
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Most English words are borrowed from...
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Latin and Greek and French
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Synchronic
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Studying language as it is spoken today, or in any one period of time
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Diachronic
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Studying language and language chnage over time
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Phylum of English
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Indo-European
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Family of English
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Germanic
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Sub-family of English
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West Germanic
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Language isolates
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Languages that cannot be proven to be related to any other attested language
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Important IE families
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Germanic, Romance, Celtic, and Hellenic
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Synthetic (type of language)
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One word, multiple morphemes
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Isolating (type of language)
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One word, one morpheme
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Function of a root
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To carry the core conceptual meaning of a word
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Function of affixes
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To modify meaning of the root(s)
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Prefixes
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Relate the meaning to time or space, intensify the meaning, negate the meaning, or provide numerical info
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Suffixes
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Change the word class (derivation) or provide other grammatical information (inflectional)
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Derivational
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Change the lexical class of a word
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Inflectional
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Give more information about the word class
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Infix
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In the middle of the root
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Circumfix
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Goes around the root
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Compounding
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Putting two roots together
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Zero derivation/Conversion
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Only the lexical class changes and sometimes the stress
ex: permit V>N |
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Blends
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2 or more words are blended together
ex: smog |
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Acronyms/Initialisms
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NATO
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Back formation
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A new word is formed from taking part of another word
ex: edit<editor |
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Onomatopoeia
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Words mimic sounds they describe
ex: boom |
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Taboo Replacement
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New words for things that are taboo to name
ex: dang/darn |
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Clipping
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A word is shortened
ex: mathematics > math |
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Voicing
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Voiced, voiceless
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Place
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Alveolar, palatal
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Manner
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Fricative, stop
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Allomorphy
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Morphemes have different forms with the same meaning
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Regular
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Occurs all the time
Follows a pattern Based on sound environments/conditions Can be written as a rule |
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Irregular
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Occurs sometimes
Does not follow a pattern Based on historical changes, chane |
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Doublets
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Greek/Latin.
ex: hemi/semi |
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Nasal insertion
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When a nasal consonant is put in the morpheme
ex: contagion vs. tangent |
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Metathesis
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The order of the phones is switched
ex: discern vs. secrete |
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Ablaut
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An alternation between sounds that codes grammatical information
ex: gon/gen/gn |
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Vowel weakening
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A reduction in the openness of the mouth during the production of vowels
ex: tag, teg, tig |
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Partial assimilation
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Like -s in walks/runs (voicing)
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Total assimilation
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Like con- in corrupt and illegal
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Deletion
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Like auto in autism
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Insertion
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Like filler -o- in psychology
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Polysemy
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When a morpheme has multiple meanings that are associated with the speaker's mind
ex: nat 'source, birth, tribe' |
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Homonymy
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When two or more morphemes have the same form but there is no relation in meaning
ex: in 'not', in 'in, into' |
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Homophony
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When two or more morphemes have the same sound but there is no relation in meaning
ex: right and write |
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Metaphoric shift
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Shift based on perceived resemblance in form or function
ex: foot of the bed, head of the class |
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Metonymic shift
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Shift based on a connection, but not because of resembling connection, often part-whole
ex: get your butt over here |
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Narrowing
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A meaning moves from general to specific
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Widening
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A change from specific to general
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Degeneration/pejoration
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When a word with a good or neutral meaning acquires a negative connotation over time
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Amelioration
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When the meaning of a word gets better over time
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Phonetic
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Stress, rhythm, vowel qualities
ex: cot vs. caught |
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Lexical
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Word choice, frequency
ex: tennis shoe vs. sneaker |
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Syntactic
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Word order, grammar
ex: might/oughtta/should |
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Dialect
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A particular form of a language that is identified with a community
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Language
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"a dialect with an army"
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Lingua franca
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A language variety that is used for communication where many different languages are spoken
ex: English in many places, French spoken in West Africa |
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Creole
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A language that developed from one or more groups that did not have a common language
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Pros of writing
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Records info, allows creativity, you can take your time
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Cons of writing
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Can be outdated, can't accurately express emotion, body language, intonation, sometimes causes people to think spoken varieties are not as good as written ones
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Prescriptive
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There is a correct way to speak and write a particular language
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Descriptive
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Describes the way language is actually spoekn
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AAE copula absence
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You in trouble, where you at?
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Completive done
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He done worked
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Indignant come
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She come acting like she was real mad
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Remote time been
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I been known her
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Habitual be
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He be walkin
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Monopthongized
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/ai/ -> /a:/
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Consonant cluster reduction
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west side -> wes side
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Pre-vocalic cluster reduction
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west end -> wes end
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Nasal fronting
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Walkin'
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Double negation
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Don't nobody know that
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Productive s
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-s/-es
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Umlaut
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Foot/feet, tooth/teeth, goose/geese
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Zero plural
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Sheep/sheep, deer/deer
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Graffiti is...
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Italian, plural
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Sir William Jones
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1786 gave an address to Royal Asiatic Society. British man who worked at a post in India
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Languages he knew
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Greek, Latin, English, and German. Learned Sanskrit
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Comparative method
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A means of determining the degree of linguistic relatedness between a variety of language, assumed to be related
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Cognates
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Words descending from a common ancestor, not just words that happen to look like each other
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Grimm's Law 1
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PIE voiceless stops become voiceless fricatives
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Grimm's Law 2
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PIE voiced stops become voiceless stops
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Grimm's Law 3
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PIE voiced aspirates become voiced stops or fricatives
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Grimm's Law was...
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The first Germanic Sound Shift
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When was PIE spoken?
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Around 3,700 BC
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