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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The period of middle childhood is characterized by what kind of growth?
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slow consistent growth
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What are some physical changes in midddle childhood?
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an average of 2-3 inches a year, muscle mass and strength gradually increase, decreases in head circumference and leg length in relation to body height
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How is motor development during middle childhood?
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smoother and more coordinated, greater control over bodies, sit and attend longer, lives should be activity oriented
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What is reflected by the increased myelination of the CNS?
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improved motor skills
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How are improved fine motor skills reflected?
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handwriting development
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How do boys and girls differ as to motor skills?
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boys are better at gross motor skills, girls are better at fine
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Children's participation in sports have what consequences?
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positive-(exercise and self-esteem) or negative-(pressure to win and physical injuries)
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Middle and late childhood is usually a period marked by good health, what is the leading cause of death?
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motor vehicle accidents, cancer is second (leukemia most common)
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The increase in obesity in children is linked to what?
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poor diet, inadequate exercise, and pooreating habits
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What percent of children with a learning disability receive special education? How many are classified as having a learning disability?
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10 percent; 50 percent
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What three components does a learning disability have?
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1. a minimum IQ level 2. a significant difficulty in a school-related area 3. exclusion of only severe emotional disorders, etc
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What is dyslexia?
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severe impairment in the ability to read and spell
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ADHD is a disability in which individuals consistently show problems in what areas?
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1. innatention 2. hyperactivity 3. impulsivity
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What did the 1975 Public Education for All Handicapped Children Act mandate?
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that all children be given a free, appropriate public education
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What is the concept of the least restrictive environmemt?
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that children with disabilities must be educated in a setting that is a as similar as possible to regular ones
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What is inclusion?
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educating children with disabilites full time in the regular classroom
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What did Piaget state was the stage of concrete operational thought?
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7-11 years
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What does the stage of concrete operational thought involve?
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operations, conservation, classification, seriation and transivity
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What do critics say about Piaget?
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They question his estimates of competence at different developmental levels, his stages concept, etc
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What do Neo-Piagetians argue?
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that Piaget got some things right but theory needs revision
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On what do Neo-Piagetians place emphasis?
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on how children process information, strategies, speed of information processing, and the division of cognitive problems into more precise steps
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What mental ability increases in middle and late childhood? And what influences this?
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long term memory, knowledge and expertise
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What strategies influence memory?
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imagery and elaboration, the fuzzy trace theory
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What does critical thinking involve?
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thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating evidence, thinking in novel and unusual ways to come up with unique answers
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What did Guileford distinguish between?
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convergent and divergent thinking
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What strategy can be used to encourage creative thinking?
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brainstorming
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What is metacognition?
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cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing
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What did Pressley view as the key to education?
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that students learn a rich repertoire of strategies
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What does intelligence involve?
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problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt and learn from everyday experiences
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What developed the first intelligence test?
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Binet and Simon; concept of mental age
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What formula did Stern create?
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The concept of IQ as the mental age divided by the chronological age times 100
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What are the Weschler scales used for?
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used widely to assess intelligence and yield an overall IQ, as well as verbal and performance IQ's
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What did Spearman propose?
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that people have a general intelligence(g)and specific types(s), three main forms: analytical, creative, and practical
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What did Gardner propose?
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That there are 8 types of intelligence: verbal, math, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills, musical skills and naturalist
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What issues are there in intelligence?
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heredity, environment, ethnicity, culture, and use and misuse of intelligence tests
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What do some studies on the heritability of intelligence show?
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adopted children have IQ's similar to biological parents, identical twins show stronger correlations than fraternal
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What is the Flynn effect?
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that intelligence test scores have risen in recent decades-pointing to the role of environment
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What did Ramsey's research reveal?
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the positive effects of educational child care on intelligence
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Who did early intelligence tests favor?
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White, middle-socioeconomic-status individuals over urban individuals
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What are three characteristics of gifted children?
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precocity, individuality, and a passion to master
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Children become more analytical and logical in their approach to what during middle childhood?
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words and grammar, and they better understand comparatives and subjectives; can use complex grammar and produce meaningful narratives
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What is the basic-skills-and-phonics approach?
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advocates phonetics instruction and giving children simplified materials
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What is the whole-language approach?
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stresses that reading instruction should parrallel children's natural language learning;giving whole-language materials such as books and poems
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Is success in learning a second language greater in childhood or adolescence?
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childhood
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What is seriation?
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the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)
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What is transitivity?
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the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
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When is the average school-age girl taller than the boys?
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elementary school years until about the age of 11
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What is wasting?
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impoverished weight gain,
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What is stunting?
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impoverished height gain, 2 standards below av
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When a child is obese at 6 years of age-what are the chances of becoming an obese adult?
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25%
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When a child is obese at 12 years of age-what are the chances of becoming an obese adult?
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75%
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What characterizes autism?
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they have some receptive language and little expressive language
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Those with a leraning disability cannot do what?
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link sensory abilities to parts of the brain
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What percent of kids in special programs have a learning disability?
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10%
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What are some characteristics of Williams's Syndrome?
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have strong and good musical inclination although their disabilites are profound
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What is dysgraphia?
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difficulty in writing and spacing words out on the page
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What is ayslexia?
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cannot read at all
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What is dsylexia?
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difficulties in reading
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What is dysnomia?
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word recall difficulty
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What is dyscalculia?
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math difficulty
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What is dyspraxia?
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difficulty with motor movements-especially speech
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What are strategies?
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cognitve processes that do not occur automatically but require work and effort, can be used to improve memory
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What is elaboration?
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a strategy that invloves engaging in more extensive processing of information
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What is the fuzzy trace theory?
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memory is best inderstood by considering 2 types of memory rep. 1. verbatim memory trace 2. gist older children's extracting the gist of the information
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What is convergent thinking?
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thinking that produces one correct answer (standardized tests)
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What is divergent thinking?
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thinking that produces many answers to the same question (creativity)
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How many points of a discrepancy between IQ and reading levels necessitate intervention?
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16
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