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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
theory
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an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make preditions
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hypotheses
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specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy
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psychoanalytic theory
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describes deveopment as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characterand the symbolic workings of the mind have to be anayzed to understand behavior. Early exspirences with parents are emphasied
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Erikson's theory
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included eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique development task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved
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Piaget's theory
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states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
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assimilation
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occurs when individuals incororate new information into their existing knowledge
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accommodation
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occures when individuals adjust to new information
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Vygotsky's theory
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a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
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information-processing theory
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emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and straegize about it. central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking
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social cognitive theory
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the view of psychologist who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development
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ethology
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stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is caharacterized by critical or sensitive periods
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ecological theory
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Bronfenbrenner's environmental system theory that focuses on five environmental system: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
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eclectic theoretical orientation
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an orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach, but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it
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descriptive research
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has the purpose of obseving and recording behavior
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laboratory
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a controlled setting in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are removed
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naturalistic observation
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obseving behavior in real-world settings
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standardized test
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a test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. many allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals
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case study
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an in-depth look at a single individual
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life-history record
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a record of information about a lifetime chronology of events and activities that often involve a combination of data records on education, work, family, and residence
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correlational research
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the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics
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experiment
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a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant
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cross-sectional approach
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a research stradegy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time
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longitudinal approach
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a research stradegy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more
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sequential approach
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a combined cross-sectional, longitudinal design
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cohort effects
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effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age
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ethnic gloss
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using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is
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