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112 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the Layers of the digestive tract? |
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, & Serosa |
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What is Mucosa made of? |
Tough abrasion resistant stratified epithelium |
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What is submucosa made of? |
Connective tissue layer |
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What is muscularis made of? |
Two layers of muscle |
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What is serosa made of? |
Serous Membrane |
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2 layers of Muscularis are called |
Circular muscle layer Longitudinal muscle layer |
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Function of mucosa |
Absorption & secretion |
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Function of submucosa |
Supports the mucosa |
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Function of Muscularis |
Producing motility (movement) of the GI tract during the digestive process |
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Function of Serosa |
Coat of the digestive tube Also called visceral peritoneum |
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Mucosa is also called |
Mucus membrane |
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What are the periodontal membranes? |
Fibrous Membrane around the root of a tooth. Forming a junction with the jawbone |
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What are the 3 salivary Glands? |
Parotids Submandibulars Sublinguals |
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Parotid Saliva? |
Serous |
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Submandibular saliva? |
Contain serous & mucous |
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Sublingual saliva? |
Mucous |
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Parotid Glands |
Thin watery free of mucous Contain amylase Largest Glands |
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Sibmandibular Glands |
Mixture of both serous and mucous type saliva Called mixed or compound salivary Glands Size of a walnut |
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Sublingual Glands |
Mucous type Important function of lubricating food during mastication Smallest |
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4 types of teeth |
Inciser Canines/cuspids Premolars/bicuspids Molars/tricuspids |
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Full set of permanent Teeth |
32 Teeth Age 17-24 |
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Baby teeth aka Deciduous |
Erupt between 6-30 months 20 teeth |
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Teeth generally lost between ages |
6-13 |
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First permanent teeth (6 year) molars erupt |
Before all baby teeth are lost |
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3 sections of the stomach |
Fundus Body Pyloris |
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Where is the fundus located? |
Enlarged curving base to left of & above opening of the esophagus into stomach |
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Where is the body (of stomach) located? |
Central |
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Where is the pyloris located? |
Lower narrow apex section |
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What is rugae? |
Wrinkles or folds |
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What are maltase & sucrase? |
Intestinal juice enzymes |
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Function of maltase |
Breaks down (maltase) sugar into simple sugars |
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Function of sucrase |
“Catalyst” Hydrolysis into fructose & glucose Used by body as fuel |
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Where is maltase located? |
Lining of small intestine |
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Where is sucrase located? |
Brush border of small intestine |
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Where does protein digestion occur? |
Starts in stomach |
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What is pepsin? |
Digesting enzyme in the stomach |
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How is pepsin created? |
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin when Parietal cells found within gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid |
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Where does fat digestion occur? |
Small intestine |
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What is peristalsis? |
Wavelike rhythmic contractions of the stomach & intestines Move food along the digestive tract |
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What is mechanical digestion? |
Physically breaks large chunks into smaller bits |
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What is chemical digestion? |
Breaks Molecules apart |
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What is the common bile duct? |
Small tubelike structure |
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Where is the common bile duct? |
Where the hepatic duct & cystic duct meet (Small intestine) |
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Function of common bile duct? |
Carry bile from gallbladder to duodenum |
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Common bile duct |
Drains bile Located at the top of the gallbladder |
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Hepatic duct |
Tube that carries bile out of liver Located outside of liver |
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What are the parts of the tooth? |
Crown Neck Root |
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What are the parts of the Pharynx? |
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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What part of the pharynx is most involved in digestion? |
Oropharynx |
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What are the 4 sphincters in the upper GI System? |
Upper esophageal Lower esophageal Pyloric Ileosecal |
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What is Cholecystokinin? |
Hormone secreted from the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum |
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Function of cholecystokinin |
Stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder resulting in bile flowing into the duodenum |
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3 types of foods needed for proper nutrition |
Carbs Fat Protein |
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What is Assimilation? |
When food molecules enter the cell & undergo chemical changes |
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What is digestion? |
Groups of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones Facilitates absorption |
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What is absorption? |
Movement of digested nutrients through GI mucosa & into internal environment |
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What is nutrition? |
Food, Vitamins, & minerals that are ingested & assimilated into the body |
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What is anabolism? |
Cells making complex molecules from simpler compounds |
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What is catabolism? |
Breakdown of food compounds into simpler compounds |
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What is metabolism? |
Complex process by which food is used by a living organism |
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What are non-essential amino acids? |
Not necessary in human diet because body produces them |
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What is the hepatic portal vein? |
Blood vessel that carried blood to liver |
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Where is hepatic portal vein located? |
Liver |
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Function of hepatic portal vein? |
Delivers blood directly from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver |
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What is plasma protein? |
Several proteins normally found in plasma Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen Albumin is largest |
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How many ATP molecules can be made from a glucose molecule? |
36 |
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What is ATP? |
Compound that provides energy |
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Normal blood sugar level range |
80-110 |
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Vitamin A |
Maintains epithelial tissue & produces visual pigments |
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Vitamin B1 |
Thiamine |
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Vitamin B2 |
Riboflavin |
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Vitamin B3 |
Niacin |
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Vitamin B5 |
Pantothenic Acid |
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Vitamin B6 |
Pyridoxine |
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Vitamin B9 |
Folic Acid |
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Vitamin B12 |
Cyancobalamin |
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Function of vitamin b1, b2, & b3 |
Helps enzymes in the citric acid cycle |
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Function of vitamin B5 |
Helps enzymes that connect to fat & carbohydrate metabolism |
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Function of b6 |
Helps enzymes that catabolize amino acids |
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Function of vitamin b9 |
Helps enzymes in amino acid catabolism & blood production |
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Function of vitamin b12 |
Involved in blood production & other processes |
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Vitamin C |
Asorbic Acid |
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Function of Vitamin C |
Helps in manufacture of collagen fibers |
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Vitamin D |
Calciferol |
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Function of Vitamin D |
Helps in calcium absorption |
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What is thermoregulation? |
Ability of organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries |
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Function of Thermoregulation |
Maintains homeostasis of body temperature |
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What is Glycogen? |
Polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose |
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Function of Glycogen |
Energy reserve made & stored primarily in cells of liver |
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What is Glycolysis? |
First series of chemical reactions in glucose metabolism |
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Function of Glycolysis |
Changes glucose to pyruvic acid in a series of anaerobic reactions |
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What is Glycogenesis? |
Anaerobic process of joining glucose molecules together |
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Function of Glycogenesis |
Store glucose for later use |
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What are enzymes & their function? |
Specialized protein molecules that breakdown |
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3 parts of small intestine in order |
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
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What is the hepatic flexure? |
The bend between the ascending colon & transverse colon |
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What is carbohydrate digestion? |
Breakdown of polysaccharides in carbs Turns into chyme |
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What is deglutition? |
Swallowing |
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Pancreas digestion |
Exocrine Gland that lies behind stomach and converts food into fuel for the body’s cells Drains into duodenum |
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Macronutrients |
Carbs Fats Proteins |
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Micronutrients |
Vitamins Minerals |
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3 chemical reactions in glucose metabolism |
Glycolysis Citric Acid Electron transfer system |
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Lysis means |
Breakdown |
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Regulation of food intake factors include |
Hormones / Habits Neurotransmitters Emotions / Food sensations Environment cues |
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Basal metabolic rate |
Rate of metabolism when body is resting but awake, not digesting food, and comfortably warm |
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Total metabolic rate |
Total amount of energy used by body per day |
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Hypothalamus |
Regulates body temperature through thermoregulation |
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How does skin cook the body? |
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation |
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Radiation flo |
Flow of heat waves away from the body |
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Conduction |
Transfer of heat energy to the skin & to external environment |
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Convection |
Transfer of heat energy to cooler air that is continually flowing away from skin |
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Evaporation |
Absorption of heat from blood & skin by water (sweat) |
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