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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Robert Boyle |
RobertBoyle showed that both animals and flames died in a vacuum indicating that aircontained something (oxygen) that is required both to maintain life and to keepa candle burning |
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Joseph Priestly |
Examined the ability of gases to support life: Most gases cannot support life Mice survived when placed in gas produced by heating mercuric oxide (oxygen) Mice lived longer if plant material is present in the container (oxygen) |
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Antoine Lavoisier |
Experimented with Priestly's life-supporting gas: Named the gas "oxygen" Discovered that animals and burning coal consume O2 and release CO2 and heat. Demonstrated that the amount of heat produced relative to O2 uptake is about the same for animals and burning coal. |
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Respiratory Surface |
site of oxygen, carbon dioxide exchange. (must be moist & have a large surface area) |
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2-step process of a coupled respiratory & circulatory system |
step 1: exchange between respiratory medium (Alveoli) and circulatory system step 2: exchange between circulatory system and interstitial fluid bathing cells |
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Advantages (1) & Disadvantages (3) of respiration in aquatic animals |
Advantage: respiratory surfaces always moist Disadvantages: O2 concentration relatively low in ocean exchange must be extra efficient needs to expend energy for gas exchange |
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ventilation |
any method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface (usually requires energy) |
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counter-current exchange through gills |
water flows in through the mouth, out through the gills while blood flow in thin lamella passes water in opposite direction. The water warms the blood which warms the body. |
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Advantages (3) & Disadvantages (1) of respiration in terrestrial animals |
Advantages: higher concentration of O2 O2 and CO2 diffuse faster in air air is easier to move & requires less energy Disadvantage: loss of water by evaporation |
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Human anatomy pathway of respiratory system |
mouth --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioli --> alveoli |
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pleural sac |
thin, fluid-filled sac that separates the lungs and chest wall. always has negative pressure that keeps the lungs bigger and the chest wall smaller. |
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delta pressure = |
intrathoracic pressure - air pressure = (intrapleural + intra-alveolar) - air |
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Inspiration: process |
ACTIVE process. 1. diaphragm contracts, lungs expand 2. intercostal muscles contract, ribs expand 3. lung volume increases 4. air flows in through oral cavity |
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Inspiration: pressure levels |
intra-alveolar pressure = negative intrapleural pressure = negative air pressure = positive delta pressure = negative |
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Expiration: process |
PASSIVE process. 1. diaphragm relaxes, lungs shrink 2. intercostal muscles relax, ribs relax 3. lung volume decreases 4. air flows out of oral cavity |
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Expiration: pressure levels |
intra-alveolar pressure = positive intrapleural pressure = negative air pressure = positive delta pressure = positive |
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Tidal volume |
breathing normally at rest. ~500mL |
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Expiratory reserve volume |
actively exhaling air as much as you can. ~1100mL |
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Residual volume |
volume of air remaining at lungs at the end of a forced exhalation. ~1200mL |
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Dead space |
volume of air remaining in airways at the end of each exhalation. ~150mL |
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
actively inhaling air as much as you can. ~3000mL |
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Vital capacity |
the total volume that is available for the organism to use. (tidal + expiratory reserve + inspiratory reserve = ~4600mL) |
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Total pulmonary ventilation rate |
Tidal volume * respiratory rate (500mL/breath * 12 breaths/min = 6000mL) |
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Alveolar ventilation rate |
Tidal volume - dead space * respiratory rate (500mL - 150mL * 12 breaths/min = 4200mL) |
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Frick's Law of Diffusion |
delta Qs/delta t = Ds * (C2-C1) |
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Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in AIR |
O2 = 160mmHg CO2 = 0.25mmHg |
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Respiratory pigments |
carrier proteins that transport oxygen through blood. include hemoglobin (humans) and hemocyanin (arthropods/mollusks) |
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Hemoglobin structure |
4 protein subunits, each with iron in the center binding oxygen for each subunit. |
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___% of oxygen is dissolved in blood ___% of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin |
2% dissolved 98% hemoglobin |
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Red blood cells |
cells packed with hemoglobin |
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Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve |
Thehigher the partial pressure of oxygen, the more oxygen saturation (binding) ofhemoglobin lungs: ppO2 = 100mmHg, 99% saturation tissues at rest: ppO2 = 40mmHg, 75% saturation tissues exercise: ppO2 = 10mmHg, 10% saturation |
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Bohr shift |
Decreasedbinding of oxygen to hemoglobin, high ppCO2, low pH (see picture) |
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Myoglobin |
respiratory pigment in muscle that rely on aerobic metabolism (red muscle/dark meat) has a single heme group instead of four much higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin O-H dissociation curve shifts to the left |
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___% of CO2 is dissolved in blood ___% of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin ___% of CO2 contributes to the bicarbonate buffer system |
7% dissolved 23% hemoglobin 70% bicarbonate |
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Pons respiratory center |
modulates medulla respiratory center |
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Medulla respiratory center |
generates the respiratory rhythm by responding to sensory feedback and interacting with respiratory motoneurons |
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Hering-Breuer reflex |
inspiratory neurons in medulla stimulate respiratory motoneurons which trigger respiratory muscles to expand which activates stretch receptors in bronchi, sending negative feedback to the respiratory center to end inspiration |
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Peripheral chemoreceptors |
located in carotid bodies, aortic arch, and fish gills. activated by a decrease in ppO2 and an increase in ppCO2, although it has to be a significant change. |
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Central chemoreceptors |
very sensitive, fast, and crucial for respiratory regulation located in the medulla oblongata activated by a decrease in pH (increase in [H+]) of the CSF CO2 and H+ in CSF bind to central chemoreceptors response: respiratory control centers increases ventilation to increase ppO2 and decrease pCO2 |
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Shallow-water blackout |
sudden loss of consciousness while diving caused by hyperventilation before diving and physical activity while diving, among other things. |
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hyperventilation |
increases ppO2 without changing O2 content decreases ppCO2 and CO2 content decreases respiratory drive longer breath-holding time |
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hypoventilation |
decreases ppO2 and slightly decreases O2 content increases ppCO2 and CO2 content & [H+]csf increases respiratory drive shorter breath-holding time |