Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Attentional Priming?
|
Recent exposure to S (or associated cues) can reduce the time taken to detect S when it is presented with distractors.
|
|
Autoshaping
|
A form of sign tracking where a key-light paired with food elicits pecking in pigeon.
|
|
Avoidance
|
In operant conditioning, performing a behaviour which prevents a negative stimulus from occurring. Involves negative reinforcement.
|
|
Backward blocking
|
Where no conditioning occurs due to a CS A, where it is paired with CS B and then later CS B is associated with US.
|
|
Backward conditioning
|
CS is presented after US. Can lead to no conditioning, condition excitation or inhibition depending on timing.
|
|
(Forward) Blocking
|
Where no conditioning occurs due to a CS a when combined with a previously conditioned CS B.
|
|
Chained Schedule
|
A set of two or more reinforcement schedules each signalled by its own discriminative stimulus. that must be completed in sequence before the primary reinforcer occurs.
|
|
Clark Hull
|
Drive and Habit
|
|
Classical Conditioning
|
Initially neutral CS is paired with US. Results in CS leading to CR.
|
|
Compound Schedule
|
A procedure in which two or more schedule operate such as "multiple schedules" or a "chained schedule".
|
|
Compound (Stimulus)
|
Presentation of 2 or more CS at about the same time. Eg. "simultaneous" or "sequence".
|
|
Concurrent schedule
|
Organism can choose between two operant behaviours each of which pays-off according to its own schedule of reinforcement.
|
|
Conditional discrimination
|
A discrimination in which two S are presented, and the correct S determined based on which of the two S is present is was presented recently.
|
|
Conditional Response (CR)
|
Response elicited by CS after classical conditioning has taken place. The response depends upon the conditioning experience.
|
|
Conditional Stimulus (CS)
|
An initially neutral S which begins to elicit a CR after it has been paired with a US.
|
|
Conditioned compensatory response
|
A CR that opposes the UR. It functions to reduce the strength of the UR, as in drug tolerance.
|
|
Conditioned suppression (or Conditioned emotional response)
|
CS is paired with mild electric shock. CS comes to suppress an ongoing behaviour such as lever pressing fo food.
|
|
Conditioned inhibition
|
Inhibition learned through classical conditioning. Also, where CS A is paired with US, except when presented with CS B. B acquires inhibition.
|
|
Conditioned inhibitor (CS-)
|
A CS that suppresses or reduces the size of the CR that would otherwise be elicited by a second CS.
|
|
Conditioned reflex.
|
Alias for CR
|
|
Conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)
|
An S that has acquired its ability to act as a reinforcer due to its association with a primary reinforcer.
|
|
Contiguity theory
|
Guthrie's idea that learning depends on S and R occurring together in time rather than through a process of reinforcement.
|
|
Contingency
|
The "if-then" relationship between two events.
|
|
Continuous reinforcement schedule.
|
Reinforcer is deliver after every response.
|
|
Delay conditioning
|
Classical conditional procedure where the CS starts on its own, terminates, followed by the US.
|
|
Differential inhibition (discriminative inhibition)
|
CS A is paired with US on some trials, and with CS B (but without US) on other trials. CS B may acquire inhibition.
|
|
Discriminative stimulus
|
In operant conditioning, an S that signals whether or not the response will be reinforced.
|
|
Drive.
|
Theoretical construct. Motivation arising from biological needs, such as need for food or water.
|
|
Thorndike.
|
Cats getting out of boxes. Instrumental conditioning.
|
|
Exaptation
|
A trait with adaptive value, but was not originally selected for current function.
|
|
Excitation
|
The potential of the CS to signal a US or elicit a CR.
|
|
Excitor (CS+)
|
A CS that is associated with a US and has the potential to elicit a CR.
|
|
External inhibition.
|
Weakening of CR elicited by CS when a neutral S is added.Thought to occur because the organism does not generalize between CS alone vs with other S.
|
|
Extinction
|
Reduction in strength or probability of learned behaviour that occurs when the CS is presented without the US, or when the behaviour is no longer reinforced.
|
|
Fixed action pattern
|
An innate sequence of behaviour that is triggered by a specific stimulus that continues to its end without regard to immediate consequences or feedback.
|
|
Fixed ratio schedule
|
A fixed number of responses is required for the delivery of each reinforcer.
|
|
Generalization.
|
The transfer of a learned response from one stimulus to another.
|
|
Habituation
|
A decrease in the strenght of a naturally elicited behaviour that occurs through repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. cf. extinction which deals with learned behaviours.
|
|
Imprinting
|
Learning in very young organisms that establishes attachment to a parent (or an object identified with the parent)
|
|
Inhibition
|
An active process that suppreses excitation or reduces the strength of a response.
|
|
Instrumental conditioning
|
Any situation based on Thorndike's method in which an animal can learn about the consequences of its actions. Like operant conditioning except that the experimenter controls the animal's ability to respond.
|