Lab Animal

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Model 1

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a 3d representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure typically on a smaller scale then the original.

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Model 2

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a thing used as an example to follow or imitate

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Animal model

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an animal sufficiently like humans in its anatomy, physiology, or response to a pathogen to be used in medical research in order to obtain results that can be extrapolated to human medicine.

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The different Animal models used in bio medical research

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Anatomy and Physiology

Behavior

Drug development

Transplantation and Regeneration

Disease

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Autoimmune diseases (mouse)

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multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

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Post vaccine encephalitis caused by

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CNS demyelinating disease

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Gastric bypass sx (RAT)

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reducing stomach 90%

"cures" diabetes

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Arthrosclerosis (Rabbit)

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deposition of plaque of fatty material on the inner walls of arteries

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Amphibian model

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limb regeneration

xenopus spp.

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Xenopus model

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embryonic development

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Reptile model

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Anti venom

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NHP models

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colonic adenocarcinoma

Cotton- top tamarin (saguinus oedipus)

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two purposes of preventative colony health management programs

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Maintenance of optimal animal health and well being (animal welfare)

Avoidance of confounding variable or interference with research (data quality)

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Common causes of research loss involving animal models

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infectious dz

Environmental derangement

equipment failure

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Colony Health management triad

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prevention

diagnoses

treatment

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Sources of infection in today's animal research facilities

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Animals

biologic materials

personnel

vermin

materials/equipment

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considerations when selecting animals

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wild caught

commercial vendor

private source

internally reared

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biosecurity of animals in shipment

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Hygienic conditions during packing process

shipping crate integrity

hygienic transport vehicles

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Traditional testing methedologies include

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pathology

parasitology

microbiology

serology

molecular biological techniques has emerged

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Bacteriology

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accomplished by inoculation of selective and non selective media with sample and incubated under varying conditions.

DIRECT

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Serology

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most widely used methodology for pathogen monitoring

INDIRECT

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Serology Essays

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Sensitivity and specificity

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Sensitivity

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ability of test to correctly identify those with disease

(true positive rate)

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Specificity

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ability of test to correctly identify those with out disease

(true negative)

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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Detect specific nucliec acid sequences (DNA or RNA) from specific infectious agents

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MAP

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Monoclonal antibody production

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(RODAC) Replicate Organism Detection and Counting

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used for detection and enumeration of microbes on surfaces of sanitary importance

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Immunocompromised rodent strains that present a special situation within a facility

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(STAT) Signal transducer and Activator of Transcription

(SCID) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

Nude

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Bacteria major concern

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ability to cause pathological change or clinical dz

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Heliobacter spp.

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most common bacterial infection of lab mice

Gram ( - ) , motile, spiral shaped

proximal and distal GI upset, non pathogenic

FECAL ORAL

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Tyzzer's disease MICE

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Clostridium piliforme

Gram ( - ) spore forming, long thin, rod shaped

diarrhea dehydration anorexia

FECAL ORAL remain up to a year

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Transmissible Murine Colonic Hyperplasia

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citrobacter rodentium

Gram ( - ), rod shaped

mucosal erosions

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Hyperkeratosis-associated corneform (HAC)

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Corynebacterium bovis

Gram (+) , short, rod shaped

"Scaly Skin dz"

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Ferret

Order:

Family:

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Order: Carnivora

Family: Mustelidae

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Male Ferret

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Hob

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Male neutered Ferret

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Gib

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Female Ferret

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Jill

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Spayed Ferret

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Sprites

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Young Ferret

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Kit

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Group of ferrets

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Business

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What small animal lacks well-developed sweat glands, and prone to hypothermia

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Ferret

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Dental Formula of Ferret

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2 ( 3/3 1/1 3/3 1/2 )

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What small animal lacks appendix and cecum?

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Ferret

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What animal is Crepuscular and nocturnal sleeping up to 20 hrs per day

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Ferret

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Optimal temperature requirements for Ferret

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4- 18 degrees Celsius

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Ferret diet

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protien: > 38%

fat: 20 %

fiber: <4 %

Consume 6% body wt/day

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How long should Ferrets be fasted?

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NO MORE than 3-6 hours

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Euthanasia of Ferret?

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IV or IP overdose

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Guinea Pig

(Cavia porcellas)

Order:

Family:

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Order: Rodenta

Family: Cavidea

More related to chinchillas and porcupines then rats

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Guinea Pig Breed

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English

Abyssinian

Peruvian

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Thigmotactic

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Maintain contact with cage periphery avoiding open field of cage center

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All breeds of guinea pigs derived from

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English breed

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Barbering is associated with?

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dominance, hierarchy, boredom overcrowding

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Unlike many rodents like rats and mice, cavies are:

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Diurnal

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Diurnal

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activity during the day, with a period of sleeping, or other inactivity, at night.

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Immobility rxn

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can last from seconds to 20 mins

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scatter rxn

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involve stampeding, jumping, rapid circling, etc.

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Dental formula of Guinea pig

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2 ( 1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3 )

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Upper incisors shorter than lower in which small animal?

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Guinea pig

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Has simple glandular stomach

Large developed cecum ( up to 65%)

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Guinea pig

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Lack ability to synthesize Vitamin C

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Guinea pig

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Caging and temperature requirements for Guinea pigs

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Cage ht 25 cm (10 in)

Temp: 20 - 26 degrees Celsius

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Fasted 3-6 hrs prior, rinse mouth with 10-20 ml water to remove pasty material

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Guinea pigs

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Ketamine/xylazine IM have caused muscle necroses and self trauma in:

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Guinea pigs

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Should be turned ever 30 mins to prevent hypoststic pulmonary congestion

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Guinea pigs

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Hamster

Order:

Family:

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Order: Rodenta

Family: Cricetidea

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Hamsters 3 species used in lab:

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Syrian (Mesocricetus auratus)

Chinese (cricetulus griseus)

Siberian (phodopus sungorus)

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Hamster dental formula

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2 (1/1 0/0 0/0 3/3 )

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Hamsters have well developed:

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harderian glands

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Hamsters have 2 flank sebaceous glands called:

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'hip' or Costovertebral glands

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Hamsters digestive system is adapted for:

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water conservation

long duodenum and jejunum, short cecum, and long colon

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Hamster cage and temp requirements

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cage height: 15 cm

Temp: 20- 26 degrees Celsius

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Coprophagic

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Eat feces

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Hamster diet

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15-25 % protein

4-5 % fat

5% fiber

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Fasting hamster prior to sx?

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NOT recommended

high metabolic rate can cause hypothermia or hypoglycemia

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Avian

Class

2 Orders

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Class: Aves

Order: psittaciformes

Order: passeriformes

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Uropygial (preen gland) used for ____ in what species

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Waterproofing, avian

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lack ear pinnae and sweat glands

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avian

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Types of feathers (4)

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Primary

Secondary

Contour

Down

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Primary feathers

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large, originate from carpus, metacarpus, pygostyle

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secondary feathers

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large, originate from radius, ulna

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contour feathers

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cover body

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down feathers

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produce powder down

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Rachis

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Main shaft of feather

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Barbs

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attach to rachis

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barbules

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attach to barbs at 45 degree angle, and nearby barbules at 90 degree angle

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Blood feathers

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developing feathers

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Keel

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Sternum

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Why is the keel enlarged in avains

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for attachment for large pectoral muscles for flight

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What bones are pneumatic (contain air) in avains

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femur, humerus, some vertebre

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In what species is Atropine ineffective in dialating?

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Avian

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Pecten

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unique worm shaped structure attached to retina , provides nutrients to vitreous

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cere

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area at base of upper beak surrounding nostrils

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Operculum

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keratinized skin flap just inside nostrils

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What is responsible for vocalization in avians

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syrinx

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how many air sacs do birds have

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up to 9

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Crop

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segments separated by out pouching stores food

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Avians have ____ stomachs which are called

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2,

proventriculus (true stomach)

ventriculus (gizzard)

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Cloaca

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anatomical terminus for 3 systems

GI

reproductive

urinary

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Copradeum

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recieves feces from rectum

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urodeum

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receives urine and urates from utreter as well as sperm and eggs from vas deferns

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proctodeum

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area just before exit opening or vent

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Class Amphibia

Orders (3)

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Anura (frogs/ toads)

Urodela (salamanders/ newts)

Apoda (caecilians)

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Ecdysis

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Shedding epidermal layer

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The exocrine glands of amphibians are used for

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moisten skin, prevent dehydration, protection from predators

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Why do frogs have a well developed hyoid bone

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to support muscular tongue

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4 modes of respiration for amphibians

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Branchial

Buccophyrngeal

cutaneous

pulmonic

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Class reptillia

Orders (4)

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Crocodillia (croc,alligator,gavials)

Testudinata (turtle, tortise)

squamata (snakes, lizards)

Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)