Kingdom Monera (Boyd)

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2 kinds of prokaryotes

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1. Bacteria

2. Archaea: Have more in common with Eukaryotes than Bacteria

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Eubacteria

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- "True" bacteria

- Largest group

- Contain protective cell wall made up of CHOs

- Live in soil

- Host organism and others are photosynthetic

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Cyanobacteria

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- Blue-green bacteria

- Photosynthetic

- Have phycocyanin (Blue pigment) and chlorophyll a (Green)

- Found all over the world

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Archaebacteria

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- Live in extremely harsh condition (Methanogens), mud, digestive tract of animal, salty environment and hot springs

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Prochlorobacteria

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Contains chlorophyll a and b.

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3 basic shapes

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1. Spherical bacteria (Cocci, coccus)

2. Rod-shaped bacteria (Bacilli, bacillus)

3. Spiral-shapped bacteria (Spirilla, spirillum)

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Phototrophic

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Use sunlight to produce energy (E.g cyanobacteria)

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Chemotrophic

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Use inorganic molecules, e.g hydrogen, to make energy (E.g Nitrosomonas)

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Chemotrophic Heterotrophics

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Take in organic molecules, break them down and absorbs them.

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Phototrophic Heterotrophs

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Photosynthetic, and also need organic compounds for nutrition.

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How do bacteria respire?

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Energy is released in the form of respiration or fermentation.

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Respiration

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Process that use O2 and breaks down food materials to release energy.

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Fermentation

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Process of energy release in absence of O2.

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Obligate Aerobes

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Organism requires constant supply of O2.

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Obligate Anaerobes

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Must live in absence of O2.

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Facultative Anaerobes

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Can survive with or without O2

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Fermentation

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Glucose is broken down onto ethyl alcohol and CO2.

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Bacterial Fermentation

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The process where anaerobes with specific enzymes produce vinegar, pickles, cheese, etc.

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Parasites

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Heterotrophs that obtain their energy from living organisms. Mostly pathogens that cause disease in host.

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Decomposers

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Obtain energy from dead and decaying organic matter (A.k.a saprophytes).

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Binary Fission (Asexual)

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When bacteria doubled it's size, replicates DNA and divides in half. Produces 2 identical daughter cells.

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Conjugation (Sexual)

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Long bridge, pills, forms between 2 bacterial cells. Part of genetic information from donor, transferred to recipient.

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Spore Formation

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Forms endospore when conditions are not favourable. Remains dormant for months/years until conditions are favourable again.

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Endospore

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Type of spore that is formed when bacteria produces a thick internal wall, enclosing DNA and portion of cytoplast.

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Extreme Halophiles

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- Salt Lovers

- Can survive in salt water 15-20% salt

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Extreme Thermophiles

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- Heat Lovers

- Thrive over temp over 100 degrees and acidic environ.

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Methanogens

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- Lives in aerobic environ. and gives off methane as waste product

- E.g mud or digestive tract of an animal