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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What kingdom are algae in?
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It's kingdom protista
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Algae optain energy how?
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they are photosynthesizing photo autotrophs that use chlorophyll.
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What is the exception of seaweed,
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ALthough algae, they are not unicellular, they are multicellular.
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Where do algae live?
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The live in aquatic environments.
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What are the 2 algae divisions?
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Planktonic and Seaweeds
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What are some families of seaweeds? 3
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Phaeophyta the brown algae
Rhodophyta the red algae Chlorophyta the green algae |
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What are some families (2) of planktonic floating algaes?
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Chrysophyta the diatoms,
dinophyta or pyrrophyta the dinoflagellates. |
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Phaeophyta
commonly called? Color? What they make? Representative species? |
Brown, because of fucoxanthin. Algin is obtained from them.
Sargassum |
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Rhodophyta what are they also called? What color? What do they contain? What is obtained from them? (2 things)
Rep? |
Reddish because of phycobilin. Agar and carrageenan are obtained from them.
Gelidium |
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Chlorophyta
what color? rep?, ancestors? What is unique to them as opposed to red and green algae? |
They are green algae, unicellular with cellulose cell walls
Spyrogyra (pond scum) Ulva (sea lettuce) ancestors of modern terrestial plants and have freshwaterforms unlike other algae. |
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algin is obtained from?
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Sargassum, phaeophyta seaweeds. Brown
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Where can i get some Agar for my lab experiments?
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buy it, or obtain it from Gelidium, which are red algae rhodophyta of the Seaweeds Division
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Where is the food additive carrageenan obtained?
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From Gelidium; a red algae of the rhodophyta, a seaweed.
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Chyrsophyta
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diatoms, w/ cell walls of silicon dioxide
really complex cool shapes |
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Dinophyta or pyrrophyta
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dinoflagellates make neurotoxins during blooms called red tides.
Make most of the O2 on earth, and are primary producers. Fossil fuels are largely remians of these two groups. |
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Where do we get fossil fuels?
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From dinophyta or Pyrrophyta.
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Red tide
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a neurotoxin that is released during spring blooms by dinoflagellates, dinophyta pyrrophyta.
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Where does most of the O2 on earth come from
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dinoflagelletes Dinophyta or pyrrophyta
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What possese a cell wall of silicon dioxide?
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Chrysophyta
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Protozoa
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of kingdom protista, animal like protists that are chemoheterotrophs
unicelled have symbiotic relationships with animals (termites) |
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What has symbiotic relationships with termintes?
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Protozoa
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4 phyla of protozoas.
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sarcodina: amoeba
mastigophora: flagelletes ciliophora: the ciliates apicomplexa: obligate intracellular parasites |
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apicomplexa
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malaria: obligate intracellular parasites phylum of protazoa
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ciliophora
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paramecium
Generally not medically important, use cilia to move |
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Mastigophora
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giardia
causes giardiasis (bever fever) shits, campers get it. |
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Sarcodina
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Amoeba: Entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery
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Life cycle of a protozoan
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ie Plasmodium: sexual reproduction, in Anopheles mosquito.
Mosquito bites someone and sporozoites enter the blood and travel to the liver. They mlitiply by schizogeny in the liver and new cells are called merozoites, that enter the blood and infect rbcs. As they grow asexually rbcs rupture releasing more merozoites and toxins which cause the fever and chills associated with the disease. *Some cells called gametocytes formed and can be picked up by other mosquitoes to repeat the cycle. |
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Definite vs Intermediate host
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def: harbors the sexual stage, intermediate is because of asexual reproduction.
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sporozoites
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infective particles that enter the blood through mosquito bites
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which mosquitoes do plasmodiums infect?
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Anopheles mosquito
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schizogeny
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in the liver where plasmodium multiply: the process)
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merozoites
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new blood cells released by rbc's rupturing or the newly multiplied cells through schizogeny.
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FUNGI
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aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs
decomposers, some pathonogenic. Yeasts are only unicellular, cell walls of chitin |
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4 divisions of FUngi
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zygomycota
ascomycota basidiomycota deutromycota |
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zygomycota are called what? A rep? What do they produce?
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conjugative fungi:
Rhizopus: black bread mold make zygospores sexually, union of two compatible strands of fungi (hypae) |
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Ascomycota
aka rep x 2 sproes? |
sac fungi
neurospora a mold saccharomyces a yeast sexual ascospores are enclosed in sac like ascus |
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how are divisions in the fungi classified?
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based on the type of sexual spore they make
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What is Rhizopus
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common black bread mold
zygomycota |
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Saccharomyces
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yeast, ascomycota
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neruospora
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ascomycota: mold
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What makes common bread mold?
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Rhizpus
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Basidiomycota
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club fungi: mushrooms sexual basidiospores are present at the tips of stalk like apendages called basidia
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Deuteromycota
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doesn't make sexual spores. But if they do they are recategorized.
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ascus
hyphae basidia divisions and the aka. |
ascomycota: sac fungi
zygomycota: conjugation fungi basidiomycota: club fungi |
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Yeasts important for..
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make bread beer wine spirits..
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Link between fungus and algae symbiosis
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lichens.
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4 phylum of Animalia
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Platyhelminthes: flatworms
nematoda: roundworms rotifera: rotifers Arthropoda; as vectors. |
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Platyhelminthes
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phyla of the kingdom animalia
flatworms Trematodes or flukes attach to host and suck fluids Cestodes or tapeworms exist in GI and eat hosts food |
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Nematoda
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phyla of Kingdom animalia
Nematoda: roundworms Not parasites very ubiquitous in soil and water. :pinworms and hookworms are exceptions |
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rotifera
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a phyla of kingdom animalia
free living frehwater organisms also wheel creatures. |
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wheel creatures
what phylum |
rotifers
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non parasitic roundworms, which phylum
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Nematoda
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What phylum are cestodes and trematodes?
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They are of platyhelminthes
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Arhtropoda
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phylum of kingdom animalia that include
insecta and arachnida |
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insecta ones we study in class
and arachnida ones we study in class. What are the main causations of the disease associated with these creatures? |
Insecta mosquito/malaria anopheles, and the protozoa: plasmodiums
arachnida ticks: lyme disease : bacteria of the spirochetes: borrelia |
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Some disease that mosquitoes may transmit?
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Dengate malaria westnile and yellow fever
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Virus definition:
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Non living obligate intracellular parasite
or simplest living things there are depends... |
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What do viruses always contain?what can they sometimes have? (made of carb,lipids, and proteins. like a plasma membrane?)
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Always have DNA or RNA and a protein coat( capsid) and sometimes have envelope.
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Host range
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the types of cells in a particular species that a virus can infect.
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Range of size to see viruses with e- microscope.
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20-1000nm in length.
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Virion
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mature, infective partiple consisting of nucleic acid and protein coat: and envelope depending on species.
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Viral arrangements of nucleic acids can be....
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RNA or DNA, single or double stranded, linear or circular.
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CAPSID
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protein coat with subunits of capsomeres
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If the virus has an envelope how does it attach to it's prey?
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spikes..
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Helcical viruses
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capsomeres assembled in a helical config. long rods, capsids are hollow cylinders
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polyhedral
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many sided: capsid is usually icosahedron ( 20 faces) like the bacteriaphage.
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Complex Viruses
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polyhedral head and complex tail bacteriophages
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Which viruses are usually enveloped?
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animal viruses
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General morphology of viruses
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Helical
Polyhedral Envelooped Complex |
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Taxonomy of viruses.
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based type of nucleic acid, life cycle and morphology
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A viral species is defined as
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a group of viruses sharing the same genetic info and ecological niche (host range)
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RNA viruses
3 of them |
HIV
Polio Rabies |
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DNA viruses 2 of them
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HPV
HSV |
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HSV
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herpes simplex virus
Family herpesviridae Genus simplex virus A DNA virus |
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HPV
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DNA Virus
human papillomavirus Family Papvaviridae Genus: papillomavirus |
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Poliovirus
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RNA virus
Family picornaviridae Genus Enteroviridae |
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Rabies virus
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RNA virus
Family rhabdoviridae genus Lyssavirus |
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus RNA Virus
Family Retroviridae Genus Lentivirus |
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Bacteriophages
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means bacteria eater, carry genome as DOUBLE stranded
have complex morphology |
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Lysogenic cycle
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phage incorporates nucleic acid in host cell chrom. and remains dormant for a period of time
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Lytic cycle
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phage causes the lysis and death of host bacteria as it replicates.
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Which phages are lysogenic?
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Temperate
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Which phages are Lytic
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virulent
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What type of phage is lambda?
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it is temperate and uses lysogenic
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What type of phages are T2 and T4?
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they are virulent and use lytic
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Stages of lytic
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attach, w tail fibers at receptor sites
penetrate: tail sheath forces Phage DNA capsid stays outside Biosynthesis: transcription, translation, and replication of viral DNA Maturation: new phage DNA and spasids assemble into virions Release lysozyme no cell wall, new virions released. |
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Stages of lysogenic
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attach
penetrate no bio synth yet.. Viral DNA recombines with bacterial chromosome to form a prophage. this replicates with bacterial DNA until it gets bored and then completes lytic stages. |
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Prophage
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during the lysogenic cycle when Viral DNA recombines with bacterial DNA.
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