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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Anatomy |
Changes throughout lifespan |
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Gross Amatomy |
Visible to naked eye |
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Microscopic Amatomy |
Too small to be seen |
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Principal of Complementarity |
What a structure can do depends if it’s specific form.
Muscle from anterior elbow will flex elbow |
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Levels of Structural Organization |
1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ System Level 6. Organismal Level |
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Chemical Level |
Atoms combined to make molecules |
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Cellular Level |
-Cells are made up of molecules - Smallest thing to carry out life processes - Made up if molecules |
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Tissue Level |
- Made up of similar types of cells that are: - Similar in structure and perform common related function |
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Organ Level |
Made up of different types of tissue. |
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What makes up the organ system? |
- Smooth muscle tissue - Connective Tissue - Epithelial tissue - Blood vessel |
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Organ system level |
Made up of different types of tissues. |
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Organismal Level |
The human organism is made up of many organ systems. |
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Axial and Appendicular Skeleton - Axial: Axis is around which the body moves (center) -Appendicular: Appendages of the body |
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Anatomical position |
- Standard position of reference for describing anatomical positions - Feet, palms, eyes forward - Erect position - Arms to side - Feet shoulder width apart |
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Anatomical Planes |
- Transverse plane |
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Superior/Cranial and Inferior Caudal |
- Describes structures relative to each other on vertical axis of body. - S/C: upward surfaces (towards the head) -I/C: downward surfaces away from head |
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Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal |
-Describes relativity based on "front and back" A/V: front surface P/D: back surface Ex. Sternum anterior to heart |
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Medial/Lateral |
- Relativity of structures in terms of midline of body - M: Towards midline L: Away from midline |
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Proximal/Distal |
1. Used to describe location of extremes (upper and lower limb) P: Closer to midline D: Farther from midline Ex. Elbow distal to shoulder 2. Start of the extremity vs end of extremity Ex. Digestive system |
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Superficial/Deep |
- Describe depth of structure Superficial- Close to surface of body Deep - Far from surface more internal |
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Flexion |
- Motion that decreases joint angle |
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Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion |
D: Toes toward legs P: Toes away from leg |
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Adduction and Abduction |
- Move towards/away the midline of body. |
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Lateral Flexion |
Moving away from midline of body |
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Wrist Deviation |
Lateral flexion that moves hand towards radius (lateral) or ulna (medial) Radial Deviation and Ulna Deviation |
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Rotation (axial twist) |
Turning about the axis of the body |
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Internal/Medial and External/Lateral |
Turning limb around limb access |
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Anatomical Movements Specific to Forearms |
Supination and Pronation S: Palm up P: Palm down |
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Anatomical Movements Specific to Foot |
Inversion and Eversion I: Soul of feet inwards E: Soul of feet outwards |
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4 Types of Tissue in Body |
-Epithelial Tissue - Protect - Connective Tissue - Support - Muscle Tissue - Moves -Nervous Tissue -Control |
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Types of Epithelial Tissue |
- Covering/Lining Epithelium- forms outer layer of skim and internal structures (skin, organ wall) - Glandular Epithelium - form glands of body |
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Functions of Epithelium |
-Physical Protection -Absorption -Sensation -Secretion |
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Physical Protection with Epithelium |
- Stops harmful substances from entering body or organs Ex. Placed between lumen of urinary bladder and connective tissue |
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Absorption with Epithelial Tissue |
-Can form selective barrier where certain things can or can not pass Ex. Fluids in Kidneys |
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Sensation of Epithelial Tissue |
Hair like extensions that can detect changes in temperature, chemical composition. |
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Secretion of Epithelial Tissue |
Occurs in glands; group of one or more epithelial cells that make or secrete particular substance |
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Types of Glands |
- Endocrine: Secretes products directly into bloodstream (thyroid) -Exocrine: Secrete products into ducts (sweat, earwax, saliva) which are in specific areas (localized impact) |
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Structure of Exocrine Glands |
- Ring shaped with a lumen of duct that take product to specific location - Can have multiple layers |
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Why is basement membrane thicker in exocrine cells than epithelial? |
- Exocrine does not want product to leave gland to nearby tissue but go through ducts. |
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Basement Membrane |
Basal Lamina: Adhesive sheet beneath basal surface; joins epithelial tissue to connective tissue Reticular lamina -Both act as filter |
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Apical Surface (Free Surface) |
Free surface exposed to exterior environment or cavity of organ -Can have microvilli or cilia |
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Characteristics of Structure of Epithelial Tissue |
- Fit closely together to form continuous sheets - Sit upon and are supported by connective tissue - Avascular: blood vessels do not go directly to them -Highly regenerative |
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Basal Surface |
Anchored lower surface |
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How do Epithelial Tissues get nutrients? |
Nearby blood vessels when they are anchored to connective tissue |
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Arrangement of Layers of Epithelial Tissue |
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Cell Shape of Epithelial Tissue |
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Single layer of ET means it is easier for _________ |
Substances to pass through |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium |
- Thin and specialized for moving molecules across - Placed wherever absorption or secretion occurs |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
- Absorption of fluids |
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Noncilitilated Simple Columnar Epithelium |
- Microvilli located on surface - Contains mucus for slip surface -Absorption and secretion |
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Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium |
- Covered with cilia for movement - Absorption and secretion |
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Non-Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium |
- Where protection is needed - Top layers are dead - Tissue grows from Basal Layer to top |
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
- Protection but not as much -Esophagus, lining of sweat glands and salivary glands |
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
- Protection but not as well as squamous -Pharynx |
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium |
- Appears to be stratified but all tissue is attached to basement membrane -Respiratory movement and found in trachea |
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Relaxed Transitional Epithelium |
- Stratified layer of cells that change shape based on location and loads applied -Allows stretchy structures to expand from within - Ex. Located in bladder; change shape when full/empty |
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Role of Connective Tissue |
- Supports body structures - Develops from mesenchyme |
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Types of Connective Tissue |
- Connective Tissue Proper (loose and dense) - Cartilage -Bone -Blood |
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Function of Connective Tissue |
- Support (Ex. Bone: framework and supports body) - Binding (Ex. Tendons binding muscles to bone) -Storage (Ex. Storage of fats) - Transport (Blood; carries waste, nutrients around the body) - Protection (Skeleton protects organs) - Immune Protection (Connective tissue stores white blood cells |
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Three Structural Elements of CT |
- Cells (Adipocytes, Macrophages, Fibroblasts, Mast cells Plasma Cells, Macrophages, Plasma Cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils) - Ground Substance (Non-living tissues; thick, fluid, gelatinous) - Fibers (Elastic Fibers, Collagen Fibers, Reticular Fibers |
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Connective Tissue Paper- Loose |
- Areolar: Cells found in areolar (least specialized - Adipose - primary cell type is lipid - Reticular - Found in "hollow" organs as supported framework (contains reticular fibers act as sponges ) |
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Areolar Connective Tissue |
Fibroblasts: Produce protein fibers Collagen Fibers: Strong, flexible and resist stretch Elastic Fibers: Reticular fiber Reticular Fibers: Tough but flexible branching Ground substance |
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Connective Tissue Proper - Dense |
- Regular: Collagen fibers, running parallel, density packed (provides strength in one direction) - Irregular: Mostly collagen fibers, irregular/ mesh pattern, provides strength in multiple directions) - Elastic: Collagen and elastic fibers allows for stretch and recoil |
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Types of Membranes |
- Cutaneous Membrane (skin) - epidermis (epithelial) and dermis (connective) - Mucous: Epithelial + loose connective tissue + goblet cells (mostly columnar in shape) - Serous: Simple epithelia + connective tissue; provides thin, watery fluid to allow easy motion over surfaces (heart, lungs don't stick) - Synovial: Synovial cells + loose connective tissue (not technically epithelial membrane), lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid |
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Where do cartilage cells (chondrocytes) come from? |
- Developed from chondroblasts: collagen + elastic fibers + ground substance |
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What are the three different types of Cartilage? |
Hyaline Cartilage- most common, high fine collagen fibers, precursor to skeleton in fetus Elastic cartilage- collagen + elastic fibers Fibrocartilage- Toughest type of cartilage, chondrocytes and collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows, resists compression, "shock" absorption |
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What fibers are in bone? |
- Collagen |
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Importance of Blood |
- Transport all over body |
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mmm |
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