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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Arthrology
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Study of joints (anatomy, function, dysfunction, and treatment)
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Kinesiology (kih-NEE-see-OL-oh-jee)
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Study of musculoskeletal movement; subdiscipline of biomechanics
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Joint/Articulation
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a point where two bones meet; typically named after the bones involved
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Joint functions
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Diarthrosis (DY-ar-THRO-sis)
Amphiarthrosis (AM-fee-ar-THRO-sis) Synarthrosis (SIN-ar-THRO-sis) |
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Synarthrosis (SIN-ar-THRO-sis)
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A joint capable of little or no movement; ex. a suture
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Amphiarthrosis (AM-fee-ar-THRO-sis)
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A joint capable of slight movement; ex. intervertebral joint
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Diarthrosis (DY-ar-THRO-sis)
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A freely movable joint; ex. elbow joint
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Joint structure
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Fibrous
Cartilaginous Bony/Synostoses (SIN-oss-TOE-seez) Synovial |
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Types of fibrous joints
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Sutures
Gomphoses (gom-FOE-seez) Syndesmoses (SIN-dez-MO-seez) |
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How bones in a fibrous joint are connected
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Collagen fibers emerge from one bone and penetrate another bone
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A broad syndesmoses ligament sheet along the shafts of two bones
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Interosseous membrane
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Syndesmosis
(SIN-dez-MO-sis) |
A joint that joins two bones by a ligament only; ex. interosseous membrane
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Gomphosis
(gom-FOE-sis) |
A joint that attaches a tooth to its socket
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Types of cartilaginous joints
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Synchondroses (SIN-con-DRO-seez)
Symphyses |
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Synchondrosis (SIN-con-DRO-sis)
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A joint that uses hyaline cartilage to join two bones; ex. epiphyseal plate in childhood
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Symphysis
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A joint that has hyaline cartilage covering the bone ends, and fibrocartilage in between; ex. cartilaginous interpubic disc
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Bony joint/Synostosis (SIN-oss-TOE-sis)
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A joint in which two bones, once separate, have been fused together by osseous tissue;
ex. left and right bones of the maxilla |
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Synovial Joint
(sih-NO-vee-ul) |
A joint in which two bones are separated by a space containing a slippery lubricant;
ex. knee joint |
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Suture's function
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Synarthrosis (SIN-ar-THRO-sis)
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Gomphosis' function
(gom-FOE-sis) |
Synarthrosis (SIN-ar-THRO-sis)
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Syndesmosis' function
(SIN-dez-MO-sis) |
Amphiarthrosis
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Synchondrosis' function
(SIN-con-DRO-sis) |
Synarthrosis
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Symphysis' function
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Amphiarthrosis
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Synovial's function
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Diarthrosis
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Synostosis' function
(SIN-oss-TOE-sis) |
Synarthrosis
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Most common joint in the body
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Synovial Joint
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The area containing synovial fluid
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the joint/articular cavity
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The texture of synovial fluid
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viscous and slippery; similar to that of an egg white
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What gives synovial fluid its texture
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albumin and hyaluronic acid
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the function of synovial fluid
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1)nourish articular cartilage
2)remove their wastes 3)clean up wear and tear cartilage tissue debris with phagocytes |
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What covers the adjoining surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint
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hyaline articular cartilage
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what encloses the joint cavity
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a fibrous joint/articular capsule
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the components of the joint/articular capsule
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1)fibrous capsule
2)synovial membrane |
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Fibrous capsule
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the outer layer of the joint capsule; continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones
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Synovial membrane
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the inner layer of the joint capsule; made of areolar tissue; secretes synovial fluid
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the function of the meniscus
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1)absorb shock and pressure
2)guide bones across each other 3)reduce chance of dislocation 4)distribute force across entire joint |
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tendon
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a strip or sheet of tough, collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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ligament
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a strip or sheet of tough, collagenous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another
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bursa
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a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid
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location of a bursa
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between adjacent muscles
or where a tendon passes over a bone |
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the function of bursae
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1)cushion muscles
2)help tendons slide over joints 3)enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls |
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tendon sheets
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elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon
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Types of synovial joints
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1)Ball-and-socket 2)Hinge 3)Saddle 4)Gliding 5)Condyloid 6)Pivot
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Types of joint movement
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1)monaxial
2)biaxial 3)multiaxial |
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Shape of a hinge joint
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one bone has a convex surface that fits in the concave depression of the other bone
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the movement of a hinge joint
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monaxial
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hinge joint examples
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knee, elbow, interphalangeal joints
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shape of a saddle joint
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Each bone is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other
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the movement of a saddle joint
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biaxial
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saddle joint examples
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the trapeziometacarpel joint at the base of the thumb, is the only saddle joint
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Shape of a pivot joint
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one bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of the other bone
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the movement of a pivot joint
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monaxial
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pivot joint examples
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a)atlantoaxial joint btwn 1st two vertebrae
b)proximal radioulnar joint |
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composition of menisci
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Fibrocartilage
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shape of a gliding joint
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both bones are flat or only slightly concave and convex
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movement of a gliding joint
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limited monaxial; amphiarthrosis
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a gliding joint example
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the joints between carpal bones
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shape of a condyloid joint
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one bone has an oval convex surface that fits into similarly shaped depression on the other bone
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movement of a condyloid joint
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biaxial
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examples of condyloid joints
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a)radiocarpal joint
b)metacarpophalangeal joint |
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decreased/increased joint angle
(bent vs. straight) |
Flexion, extension, hyperextension
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lateral/medial joint movement
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Abduction vs. adduction
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up/down joint movement
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elevation vs. depression
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anterior/posterior joint movement
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protraction vs. retraction
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sideways/center sliding joint movement
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lateral excursion vs. medial excursion
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a joint movement in which one end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
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Circumduction
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joint movement in which a bone turns on its longitudinal axis
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lateral vs. medial rotation
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example: rotation of the forearm so that the palm is facing anterior/posterior
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supination vs. pronation
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movement of the thumb towards/away from fingertips
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opposition vs. reposition
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movement that enables hands to grasp objects
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opposition
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toes pointed upward/downward
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dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion
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soles turned laterally/medially
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eversion vs. inversion
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ROM
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Range Of Motion
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sensory nerve endings of tendons, ligaments, and muscles, that continually monitor and adjust joint angle and muscle tension
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proprioceptors
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Factors affecting ROM and stability of a joint
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1)muscle structure and action
2)structure of the bones' articular surfaces 3)strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons, and the joint capsule |