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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scientific Method
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Ask a question, develop a hypothesis, test hypothesis, draw conclusions, publish results |
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Scientific Observation
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Unconstructively watching usually in a natural setting
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Survey
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Online, phone, paper, person, many at a time
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Correlation
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Assess relationship between two variables, does not infer causation |
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Experiment |
Only way to establish causation
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Cross Sectional Research |
Compare participants who differ in age, but are similar in other respects |
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Longitudinal Research |
Same individuals studied over longer timespans
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
Based on belief that irrational, unconscious drives and motives direct human behavior |
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Sigmund Freud Theory
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Psychosexual: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Gratification drives growth |
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Erik Erikson Theory
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Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Intimacy vs. Isolation Generatively vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair |
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Behaviorism
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Study what can be seen, not thought B.F Skinner |
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Social Learning Theory |
Albert Bandura - Bobo Doll study
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Cognitive Theory
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Jean Piaget Sensorimoter Pre-operational Concrete operational Formal operational |
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Sociocultural Theory - Vygotsky
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Guided participation
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Sociocultural Theory - Bronfenbrenner
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Ecological Systems Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem |
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Chromosomes
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23 pairs in each cell
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Gene |
Section of a chromosome
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DNA
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Molecular basis of heredity |
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Gametes |
Reproductive cells (ovum for female, sperm for males)
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Genotype |
Two gametes meet and form a zygote to make
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Phenotype |
Genotype converts, then genes are expressed
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Germinal Period
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First 2 weeks, Conception to implantation. Forms a blastocyst over 50% of implantations fail |
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Embryonic Period
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22 days after conception 4 weeks, head, eyes, ears, mouth, nose 5 weeks, Arms, leg buds, heartbeat 8 weeks, basic organs 1 gram |
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Fetal Period
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Age of viability - Around 22 weeks Normal gestation is 38 weeks |
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Birth process
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Hormones are released in mothers body to start contractions. |
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Apgar Scale
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Scale that measures baby's health after birth |
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3 stages of birthing
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pre labor, active pushing, placenta |
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Chromosomal abnormalities
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more dangerous, older woman, down syndrome |
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Genetic abnormalities |
More common, ex. diabetes, sickle cell anemia
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Teratogens |
Things that impair development Timing of exposer matters Amount of exposer matters Critical periods |
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Head sparring
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Excess fat is stored so the brain can continue developing in the case of malnutrition |
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Transient Exuberance
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Increase in the number of dendrites and synapses over the first two years of life
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Pruning
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Unused neural connections shrink and strengthen used connections |
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REM sleep
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Rapid eye movement |
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Ample sleep allows for
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Brain maturation, Learning, Emotional regulation, growth
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Perceiving senses |
Nervous system contacts stimuli, stimuli processes based on prior experiences |
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Hearing
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Acute at birth
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Sight |
Lest mature at birth, Infants like contrasts |
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Tasting
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Comfort and social interaction |
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Reflexes
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Breathing, sneezing, thrashing. leg tuck, cry, shiver, sucking, rooting, and swallowing |
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Gross motor skills
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Slowly develop big muscle group |
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Fine motor skills
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Small body movement Grab at 4 months Pincer grip at 10-12 months |
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Dynamic Sensory
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Motor systems work together, help to explore that world |
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Immunizations
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Stimulate body's immune system to defend against disease
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Nutrition |
Breast milk is best, gives baby antibodies |
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Adaptation
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New information is taken in
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Accomodation |
Readjusting schemas
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Object Permanence
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Objects exist out of view developed by 8 months A not B study |
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Memory |
Infants have memory It is organized differently Duration changes |
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Affordances
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Drive development as an opportunity for perception and interaction
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Depth perception
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Visual cliff task
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Habituation
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Used in research to test what infants know
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