Introduction To Psychology - 8Th Edition - Rod Plotnik - Chapter 1

Front 1

apparent motion

Back 1

An illusion that a stimulus or object is moving in space when, in fact, it is stationary. This illusion is created by rapidly showing a series of stationary images, each of which has a slightly different position or posture than the one before.

Front 2

autism

Back 2

A condition marked by especially abnormal or impaired development in social interactions, spoken language, and sensory-motor systems. Autistics characteristically have few activities or interests and spend long periods of time repeating the same ritualistic physical behaviors. Sings of autism begin in a child's first three years.

Front 3

behavioral approach

Back 3

A psychological viewpoint that analyzes how organisms learn new behaniors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environments reward or punish these behaviors. Historically, as founded by John B. Watson, the behavioral approach emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors.

Front 4

biological approach

Back 4

how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, coping techniques, and other traits and abilities.

Front 5

biological psychology

Back 5

involves research on the physical and chemical changes that occur during stress, learning, and emotions, as well as how our genetic makeup, brain, and nervous system interact with our environments and influence our behaviors.

Front 6

achievement need

Back 6

the desire to set challenging goals and to persist in pursuing those goals in the face of obstacles, frustrations, and setbacks.

Front 7

approaches to understanding behavior

Back 7

the biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic,

Front 8

Bandura's social cognitive theory

Back 8

assumes that personality development, growth, and change are influenced by four distinctively human cognitive processes: highly developed language ability, observational learning, purposeful behavior, and self-analysis.

Front 9

clinical psychologist

Back 9

has a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D., has specialized in a clinical subarea, and has spent an additional year in a supervised therapy setting to gain experience in diagnosing and treating a wide range of abnormal behaviors.

Front 10

cognitive approach

Back 10

how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.

Front 11

cognitive neuroscience

Back 11

taking pictures and identifying the structures and functions of the living brain during performance of a wide variety of mental or cognitive processes, such as thinking, planning, naming, and recognizing objects.

Front 12

cognitive psychology

Back 12

involves how we process, store, and retrieve information and how cognitive processes influence our behaviors.

Front 13

counseling psychologists

Back 13

go to graduate school in psychology or education and earn a doctorate degree (Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D). This training, which includes work in a counseling setting, usually requires about four to six years after obtaining a bachelor’s degree.

Front 14

cross-cultural appraoch

Back 14

the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on psychological and social functioning.

Front 15

developmental psychology

Back 15

examines moral, social, emotional, and cognitive development throughout a person’s entire life.

Front 16

experimental psychology

Back 16

includes areas of sensation, perception, learning, human performance, motivation, and emotion.

Front 17

functionalism

Back 17

the study of the function rather than the structure of consciousness, was interested in how our minds adapt to our changing environment.

Front 18

gestalt approach

Back 18

perception is more than the sum of its parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences.

Front 19

humanistic appraoch

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each individual has great freedom in directing his or her future, a large capacity for achieving personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth, and enormous potential for self-fulfillment.

Front 20

introspection

Back 20

a method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and report their sensations and perceptions.

Front 21

personality psychology

Back 21

the study of personality development, personality change, assessment, and abnormal behaviors.

Front 22

phi movement

Back 22

the illusion that lights that are actually stationary seem to be moving. This illusory movement, which today is called apparent motion, is created by flashing closely positioned stationary lights at regular intervals.

Front 23

procrastination

Back 23

the tendency to always put off completing a task to the point of feeling anxious or uncomfortable about one’s delay.

Front 24

psychiatrist

Back 24

a medical doctor (M.D.) who has spent several years in clinical training, which includes diagnosing possible physical and neurological causes of abnormal behaviors and treating these behaviors, often with prescription drugs.

Front 25

psychoanalystic approach

Back 25

based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of later personality traits and psychological problems. It also stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts and behaviors.

Front 26

psychologist

Back 26

someone who has completed 4 to 5 years of postgraduate education and has obtained a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D. in psychology.

Front 27

psychology

Back 27

he systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.

Front 28

psychometrics

Back 28

a subarea of psychology, is concerned with developing psychological tests that assess an individual’s abilities, skills, beliefs, and personality traits in a wide range of settings—school, industry, or clinic.

Front 29

savants

Back 29

about 10% of autistic individuals who show some incredible memory, music, or drawing talent.

Front 30

social psychology

Back 30

the study of social interactions, stereotypes, prejudices, attitudes, conformity, group behaviors, and aggression.

Front 31

structuralism

Back 31

the study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences.

Front 32

test anxiety

Back 32

a combination of physiological, emotional, and cognitive components that are caused by the stress of taking exams and that may interfere with one’s ability to think, reason, and plan (Oostdam & Meijer, 2003).