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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Characteristics of life.

O


R


G


R


E


R


E

Order

characterized by highly ordered structures to perform certain functions

Reproduction

organisms produce their own kind

Growth and development

inherited information encoded in DNA that controls pattern of growth and development

Response to environment

organisms respond to environmental stimuli

Energy processing

organisms take in energy and use it to power all activities

Regulation

mechanisms that maintain a beneficial internal environment

Evolutionary Adaptation

evolution happens as heritable traits that best suites their environment have greater reproductive success

Three domains.

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdoms under Domain Eukarya.

Protists, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi

Biological Hierarchy of Organization.

atoms ~ molecules ~ cell ~ tissue ~ organ ~ body system ~ organism ~ population ~ community ~ ecosystem ~ biosphere

Unifying themes of Biology.

1. Evolution (core theme of biology)


2. Life depends on flow of information


3. Structure and function are related


4. Life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy


5. Life depends on interactions within and between systems

Evolution (core theme)

scientific explanation for unity and diversity ~ process of change that transforms life ~ earliest forms to vast array of organisms

Book of Charles Darwin.

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Date of publication.

November 1859

Years of voyage.

1831 - 1836

Voyage name.

Voyage of HMS Beagle

Island name.

Galapagos Island

Main points of Darwin's Theory.

descent with modification ~ natural selection

Descent with modification

succession of ancestors that are different from species living today

Natural selection

mechanism of evolution

Observations and inferences.

Individual variation ~ overproduction of offspring ~ unequal reproductive success ~ accumulation of favorable traits over time

Individual variation

variation of traits ~ heritable (parents to offspring)

Overproduction of offspring

more offspring are produced than the environment can support ~ competition ~ some survive some fail

Unequal reproductive success

best suited traits survive

Accumulation of favorable traits over time

higher portion in the population have advantageous traits

Steps of natural selection in action.

various inherited traits ~ elimination of certain traits and reproduction of survivors ~ increase frequency of enhanced traits

small changes lead to

major alterations

new species evolve

as a result of gradual change over time

tree of life

Evolutionary relationships formed by branching of trees (left to right)

Theory of evolution is supported by

fossil records ~ experiments ~ observations ~ increase # of DNA comparisons

biotechnology

modification of species to increase reproduction and capabilities

rate of extinction in the present

100 to 1000 times typical rate

human actions

drives changes to species


(artificial and natural selection)

Life depends on flow of information

transmission and use of information encoded in DNA

genes

four nucleotide sequences ~ unit of inheritance

Gene expression

protein specific shape and function

genetic code

universal language that proves organisms are related

Structure and Function are related

shape of something and what it does is almost always related

Life depends on transfer and transformation of energy

life is possible ~ input and conversion of energy one form to another

Dynamics of ecosystems

Flow of energy and cycling of matter

Flow of energy

inflow of light energy ~ producers convert to chemical energy ~ used by consumers ~ outflow of heat

Cycling of matter

Decomposers return chemicals to soil ~ leaves take up CO2 from air, roots absorbs water, minerals from soil

Life depends on interaction within and between systems

Biological systems and systems biology

Biological systems

molecular machinery of cell to functioning of ecosystem

Systems biology

behavior of analyzing interaction of parts