Intro To Neuroscience

Front 1

Name it, bitchees!

Back 1

BOOM! Headshot

Front 2

Which method of transport (antro or retrograde) can only move fast? Which one causes your brain to get messed up via RABIES?!

Back 2

Front 3

Low yield fun fact: Which side of the brain has more neurons?

Back 3

Left side

Front 4

WTF... What the eff is the difference between a
o Nerve
o Neuron
o Nerve fiber
o Neurites
o Neuropil

Back 4

Nerve= Axons/support cells (macrostructure)
Neuron= Nerve cell
Nerve fiber = Axon
Neurites = Neuron projections (development, in vitro)
Neuropil= Collection of projections, support cells within CNS grey matter

Front 5

Look at the different layers of a peripheral nerve-
1.) Name them
2.) What are the different layers ?

Back 5

• Epineurium
– Outermost connective tissue of nerve
– Vasculature, blends w/ surrounding tissue
• Perineurium
– Connective tissue around fascicles
• Endoneurium
– Innermost connective tissue
– Schwann cells, fibroblasts, etc.
• Fascicle
– Bundle of parallel axons

Front 6

How Do Neurons “Know” Where to Go?

Back 6

Adhesive gradients (Non-specific outgrowth cues, or specific pathway)
Contact guidance (Response to contact with substrate)
Diffusible cues -Chemotaxis

Front 7

NETRIN signaling has been well established as a soluble molecule that ATTRACTS axons to the midline

On the other hand, ROBO and SLIT are important to midline crossing:
1. Robo is a receptor mediating REPULSION
2. Slit is the ligand expressed in the MIDLINE

Commissural/Crossing axons don’t have high levels of Robo. Why does this make sense? What happens the robo levels after the axons cross the midline?

Back 7

This is because they have a product (“comm”) that keeps expression of Robo low (comm may force Robo into a degradation pathway)

Once they cross the midline, Robo levels are increased and they will therefore not recross

Front 8

What are the intracellular pathways important to axon guidance?

Back 8

Calcium
Rho signaling
Cyclic nucleotides

Front 9

SUPER HIGH YIELD::: What are the (4) classes of guidance molecules??

Back 9

1. Early Patterning
2. Neurogenesis and neuronal fate specification
3. Neuronal Migration
4. Neuronal Contact Formation
-Pre-synaptic axon terminals and post synaptic contacts (ie dendritic spines)
-The axonal growth cone- better studied than its dendritic counterpart


Molecules important to axon guidance during development are likely important to post-injury repair and synaptic plasticity

Front 10

Which one of the meninges here is the only part that touches the brain?

Back 10

PIA MATER


**ps Inferior and superior saggital sinuses are also important--> drains the blood in the brain

Front 11

What is it about a lumbar puncture that makes it so much safer than a thoracic or cervical punture?

Back 11

CNS DOES NOT REGENERATE, PNS does

Front 12

What is so special about each region? What are they usually associated with?

Back 12

Front 13

All of the senses (EXCEPT SMELL) stop in the _______ before proceeding into the hemispheres.

_______ controls the visceral nervous system & hormonal secretions.

________ is the biological clock

Back 13

Front 14

When you are really scared of something, what gets activated

Back 14

Front 15

If you are a Tony Montana, which part of his brain would be activated right now?

Back 15

Front 16

There are two different longitudinal axis of the brain. On is relative to the forebrain , the other _________

Back 16

brain stem and spinal chord

Front 17

Which major component of the nervous system is largerly concerned with motor/ sensation of the head?

Back 17

Front 18

holy shjt

Back 18

Just know there is 12

Front 19

_____ connects with spinal chord... respiration & HR

___relays between cerebral hemisphreres & cerebellum

_____ Relay between cerebral cortex and spinal chord. Also involved with visual & auditory reflex patterns.

________ involved in muscle coordination, balance; writing and walking.

Back 19

Front 20

As you can see, cerebral spinal fluid has many SUPER important functions... (shock absorber, nutrient deliver, and homeostasis of blood volume). So what all makes up the VENTRICULAR SYSTEM that is filled with CSF

Back 20

Choroid plexus: Lateral, third and fourth ventricles

flows via 3rd--> cerebral aqueduct--> 4th--> central canal of spinal chord

Front 21

Which one is TTX poisoning and which one is TEA poisoning? How can you tell which is which, and why is this useful?

Back 21

TEA blocks K+ current, revealing Na+ current
TTX(pufferfish) blocks Na+ current, revealing K+ current

Front 22

What are the two different driving forces determing flux and direction?

Back 22

Remember current is the movement of positive charges...

Front 23

Look at this picture and think carefully about different membrane proteins....
DEFINE the terms “Active” and “Passive” transport mechanisms. DESCRIBE the difference between Na/K pump and ionic channels.

Back 23

Front 24

DEFINE the terms “gated” and “non-gated” channels and DESCRIBE the four types of channels contribute to resting and action potential.

Back 24

Front 25

DEFINE electrochemical equilibrium, DESCRIBE the Nernst equation and USE it calculate trans-membrane potentials

Back 25

*Don't forget, at rest ALL NERVE CELLS ARE NEGATIVELY CHARGED

resting potential about -60 mV

Front 26

DEFINE membrane “resting” and “action” potential,

Back 26

Front 27

DEFINE conduction velocity and DESCRIBE the factors (space and time constant, myelination) that can change conduction velocity.

Back 27

Faster:
* larger diameter (aka larger SPACE/ length constant) good!
*smaller capacitance (myelination) (aka smaller TIME constant)
*
*

Front 28

DESCRIBE different phases of action
potential-- initial phase, overshoot, repolarization

Back 28

Hint 28

Front 29

Which ion channel SPECIFICALLY can make the difference between ABSOLUTE and RELATIVE refractory period?

Back 29

Don't forget this is made possible because there are 3 different states of voltage gated Na channels:
closed open and inactive

Hint 29

No matter HOW MUCH your coach is yelling at you, if it still can't get the team to respond, this would be the ABSOLUTE refractory period...
All Na channels INACTIVE.

But once some Na channels become ACTIVE again, and he yells at you loud/long enough, he might get you to do what he wants... (relative refractory period)

Front 30

Which one of these synapses is INHIBITORY? Excitatory?

Back 30

Axosomatic synapses
Axon to cell body
Inhibitory

Axodendritic synapses
Axon to dendrite
Excitatory

Axo-axonic synapses
Axon to terminal endings
Presynaptic inhibition
Reduced polarity

Front 31

Which one of these is the GABA-ergic/ inhibitory synapse? Gray I or Gray II

Back 31

GRAY type 2!!!
(contacts the cell body)

Hint 31

1. Gray type I
Glutamatergic/excitatory
Typically contact on spines & less commonly contact the shafts of dendrites

2. Gray Type II
GABA-ergic/ inhibitory
Contact the cell body

Front 32

Seriously... stare at this picture for a long ass time.... UNDERSTAND the contribution of the UPS (ubiquitin-proteosome) and AL (autophagy-lysosome) pathway. What types of dieseases occur when these pathways are no longer working??

Back 32

(1) reduced autophagy induction (alzheimers)
(2) enhanced autophagy repression (Huntington’s)
(3) altered cargo recognition (Huntington’s, Parkinson’s)
(4) inefficient autophagosome/lysosome fusion, (Huntington’s, spinal muscular atrophy)
(5) inefficient degradation of the autophagic cargo in lysosomes. (Lysosomal storage disease)

Hint 32

Examples of neurodegenerative disorders for which cross-talk has been shown to be relevant are indicated in the red boxes.
MVB, multivesicular bodies
CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy
UPS, ubiquitin proteasome system
AD, Alzheimer's disease
HD, Huntington's disease
PD, Parkinson's disease
FTD, frontotemporal dementia
ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
SMA, spinal muscular atrophy

Front 33

What role does lysine play during normal cell apoptosis/ cells death?

Back 33

UBIQUITIN CONJUGATION PATHWAY

Hint 33

Front 34

What the EFF is going on here?

Back 34

Front 35

DONT CONFUSE YOURSELF WITH STUPID FLOWCHARTS-- Describe the relationship between neurodegenerative diseases and cell death mechanisms…

Back 35

In neurodegeneration, cell death is associated with accumulation of proteins that become toxic and impair cellular quality control mechanisms, leading to apoptosis.

Front 36

What happens in the OCCIPITAL lobe? What happens with a lesion in this area?

Back 36

Hint 36

Front 37

What happens in the TEMPORAL lobe? What happens with a lesion in this area?

Back 37

Hint 37

Front 38

What happens in the PARIETAL lobe? What happens with a lesion in this area?

Back 38

Hint 38

Front 39

What happens in the FRONTAL lobe? What happens with a lesion in this area?

Back 39

Hint 39

Front 40

What are the pros/ cons of using LESION studies for figuring out cortical functions?

Back 40

Front 41

What are the pros/ cons of using FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING studies (PET, fMRI) for figuring out cortical functions?

Back 41

Front 42

What are the pros/ cons of using EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS (ERPs) for figuring out cortical functions?

Back 42

Hint 42

More

Front 43

What are the pros/ cons of using MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) for figuring out cortical functions?

Back 43

Front 44

What are the pros/ cons of using TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS) for figuring out cortical functions?

Back 44

Front 45

What are the pros/ cons of using ANIMAL STUDIES for figuring out cortical functions?

Back 45