Intro To Broadcasting - Exam 3

Front 1

Ratings

Back 1

A popularity contest for the media. A tool to deliver audiences to advertisers.

Front 2

Popularity

Back 2

Media treats this as unimportant and stupid, however, when popularity is applied to competition, you get the lowest common denominator.

Front 3

Lowest Common Denominator

Back 3

"Average Joe"

Front 4

Arbitron

Back 4

One of the major ratings firms. Primary firm providing radio market ratings. Looks at 268 radio markets. Serves on local level. Uses mainly diaries.

Front 5

RADAR

Back 5

Radio's all dimension audience research. Serves on national network markets. Uses telephone recall interviews.

Front 6

Nielson

Back 6

One of the major ratings firms. Gathers and publishes television data for virtually all tv markets. Focuses on local markets.

Front 7

National Station Index (NSI)

Back 7

Covers 210 LOCAL markets - 162 use written diaries, 48 use a combonation of diary/passive household meters. Also covers NETWORKS - a report of tv ratings in what is called "pocket piece".

Front 8

Casandra

Back 8

Provides detailed audience demographic information for both first-run & off-network syndicated programs. Also allows measure on similar data on both lead-in and lead-out programs

Front 9

Sweep Weeks (Sweeps)

Back 9

All markets' ratings are measured four times a year in four-week-long time periods.

Front 10

Revenues

Back 10

The money the firms make.

Front 11

Diaries

Back 11

Written method for daily gathering of most local market data. Separate ones are given for Aribitron (12+) and Nielson.

Front 12

Diary Fatigue

Back 12

Audience members start off strong, writing down accordingly and accurately, and then stop. So, at the end most is made up.

Front 13

Passive Household Meter (Nielson Audimeter)

Back 13

A black box that automatically records when the set is on and to which channel it is tuned. (Not network) Problem - Doesn't show if someone is actually watching.

Front 14

Peoplemeter

Back 14

Keeps a record of reciever use. Requires each viewer to "check in" and "check out" by pushing a special handset button.

Front 15

Passive Peoplemeter

Back 15

Uses computerized image recognition to "recognize" regular "family" viewers. The device could actually tell when a viewer was watching tv. Problem - Cannot distinguish between people and animals (pets).

Front 16

Coincidental Telephone Interviews

Back 16

Researchers ask respondents what they are listening to or watching at that moment. Problem - Must use multiple calls to establish media use patterns.

Front 17

Telephone Recall

Back 17

Used by RADAR to collect samples daily over a period of 7 days. Asks respondents to use their memory of what they were listening to.

Front 18

Personal Interviews

Back 18

People are questioned on the street or in shopping centers, or sometimes at stoplights for car radio listening. Problem - Cannot be projected to the general population because the samples are not all representative.

Front 19

Sampling

Back 19

Studying some people to represent the behavior of all.

Front 20

Three Aspects of Sampling

Back 20

Behavior, Time, & Number of People

Front 21

Saturation

Back 21

The point in sampling where results begin to repeat.

Front 22

Sampling Error

Back 22

Expected; one cannot represent everyone, people will be missed

Front 23

Non-sampling Error

Back 23

Comes from mistakes made during research, Bias.

Front 24

ADI

Back 24

Area of dominant influence. (Arbitron) System used for defining Radio markets.

Front 25

DMA

Back 25

Designated market area. (Nielson) System used for defining TV markets.

Front 26

Household

Back 26

Logical Unit of Measure.

Front 27

Rating

Back 27

Estimate of the number of hhs tuned into a specific channel, expressed as a percentage of available hhs (everyone who owns a tv). For those who have a TV.

Front 28

Share

Back 28

estimate of the nuber of households (or persons for radio) tuned into a given channel, expressed as a percentage of those households (or persons) actually using their recievers at that time. For those who have a TV on.

Front 29

HUT

Back 29

Households using tv.

Front 30

PUR

Back 30

Persons using radio.

Front 31

Focus Groups

Back 31

Small panels used to gain insights about people's motivations through informal discussion interview sessions.

Front 32

Program Analyzer

Back 32

A device first developed in the 1940s and now thoroughly computerized - enables test-group members to express favorable, neutral, or unfavorable reactions by pushing buttons at regular intervals on cue. Tests a large group of people immediately.

Front 33

Theater Tests

Back 33

Sometimes called auditorium testing. The movie industry uses previews to gauge audience response.

Front 34

Physiological Testing

Back 34

Reactions such as changes in brain waves, eye movement, eye pupil dilation, breathing rates, pulse rates, voice quality, perspiration, and sitting position (the squirm test) are measured.

Front 35

Underlying Assumption

Back 35

Media has some type of effect, be it positive, negative, or even persuasive.

Front 36

Rhetoric Propaganda

Back 36

Bullets of information - misinformation aimed at passive groups; Target audience; Hits on a Website; Execute campaigns.

Front 37

Hypodermic-Injection Theory

Back 37

The 1920s concept of media impact saw messages as so many bullets of information (or misinformation) aimed at passive groups. However, this idea was too simplistic because different people have different experiences.

Front 38

Two-Step Flow

Back 38

Hypothesis of media influence. In the 1940s, personal influence of opinion leaders, as contrasted with media's inpersonal influence - media influence often passes through leaders to followers rather than to all individuals directly.

Front 39

Intervening Variable

Back 39

Factors that come between messages and effects, such as Opinion Leaders.

Front 40

Selective Exposure

Back 40

People pay attention to messages that fit their established opinions and ignore those that don't. Media tends to reinforce existing views rather than convert people to new ones.

Front 41

Selective Perception

Back 41

This variable shows that people interpret messages based on their opinions and attitudes rather than receiving them passively.

Front 42

Congruence Theory

Back 42

A person's internal state of mind is usually in balance. A message that contradicts established opinions causes dissonance or imbalance.

Front 43

Regaining Balance

Back 43

Reject the message, distort the message to fit existing mindset, adjust the balance by accepting the new idea, conversion to new point of view.

Front 44

Five Elements to Analyze for Effects Research

Back 44

1) Originators of messages, 2) Contents of messages, 3) Channels through which the messages travel, 4) Audiences that receive messages, 5) Effects of messages.

Front 45

Gatekeepers

Back 45

Sources and shapers of media content.

Front 46

Sample Surveys

Back 46

Uses opinion polls and audience rating reports. Tell nothing about the causes of tuning.

Front 47

Content Analysis

Back 47

Breaks down, categorizes, enumerates, and interprets message content.

Front 48

Laboratory Experiments

Back 48

Creates controlled environments with artificial situations.

Front 49

Field Studies

Back 49

Record behavior in the "real world" without unduly intruding on or otherwise influencing participants.

Front 50

Ethnographic Studies

Back 50

Researcher becomes part of the group being studied, and this participant observation over extended time periods allows a realistic "window" on media consumption patterns to develop, along with some sense of subtle media effects.

Front 51

Gatekeeping

Back 51

The selection, placement, and editing of information.

Front 52

Agenda Setting

Back 52

Selection and Ranking as a result of gatekeeping. Attention to new items and deletion of the old.

Front 53

Status Conferral

Back 53

An event's very appearance on the air gives it importance.

Front 54

Media News Staging

Back 54

When News programs set up fake events for the camera to create a more dramatic story. Even though unethical, it happens.

Front 55

Socialization

Back 55

The all-important process that turns a squalling infant into a functioning member of society. Occurs intensively during the first few years of life. Pro-social and Anti-social effects. Positive element in the lives of the elderly, homebound, etc. because TV provides characters as friends and role models.

Front 56

"Glow-and-Flow" Principle

Back 56

TV and the act of viewing are the primary allures for audiences rather than the programming itself.

Front 57

Bobo Doll Research

Back 57

The idea that researchers were able to "prove" the link between violence viewing and violent behavior in experiments with kids. (ie. Beavis and Butthead)

Front 58

George Gerbner

Back 58

Conducted annual analysis of television violence. Found that animated cartoons had a higher percentage of violent acts than any other program category.

Front 59

Anxiety Effect

Back 59

Theory that violence in programs cause viewers to become nervous because they tend to see the real world in terms of their television experience; especially elderly, poor, and black people.

Front 60

Sanitization Hypothesis

Back 60

Holds that self-imposed program codes cause television to depict violence unrealistically because graphic literalness would encounter viewer backlash. So viewers become desensitized to violence in reality.

Front 61

Sythesizing of Wants

Back 61

Advertising does not just provide information to a consumer, but it also creates a desire for unnecessary material possessions.

Front 62

Situational Comedies

Back 62

Creates a group of engaging characters who find themselves in a particular situation - often a family setting. Plots spring from the way characters react to a new source of tension injected into the situation.

Front 63

Slobcom

Back 63

Less-than-ideal family situations.

Front 64

Dramas

Back 64

Crime, Medical, Legal shows that have major problems to resolve during the course of an episode.

Front 65

Soap Operas

Back 65

5-7 more commercial minutes per hour than primetime programs. Has a warped extension of time, separate yet parrallel plotlines operating simultaneously, eventually intertwining.

Front 66

Sports Programming

Back 66

Major success in delivering a hard-to-reach male demographic. Becoming increasingly popular.

Front 67

Children's Programming

Back 67

Uses cartoons as advertising.

Front 68

Network TV News

Back 68

Infected by show business.

Front 69

Radio Netork Programs

Back 69

Not common, but some are still popular. Howard Stern, Rush Limbaugh, Love Lines, etc.

Front 70

Off-Network Syndication

Back 70

After having completed their contractual network runs, network entertainment programs revert to their owners, who then make them available for licensing to broadcast stations or cable networks as off-network syndicated programs.

Front 71

First-Run Syndication

Back 71

Shows that never appeared on a network are brand new when first sold to stations.

Front 72

Local

Back 72

News casts, some talk shows, but usually bigger markets. Public access on cable.

Front 73

Internet

Back 73

Often duplicates broadcast transmission. Increasingly unique programming in recent years.