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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how do insects make vibration noises that are so loud to us?
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tymbal muscle contracts, moves membrane, and air sac amplifies sound
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what are ommatidia?
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hexagonal facets that make up the eye, connected to nervous system
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how do insects focus their vision?
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rely on different ommatidia to fix on a point
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what kind of cues to nectar guides give insects?
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color & odor
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what are ocelli? where are they?
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simple eyes used to determine photoperiod and induce diapause
->on top of head |
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what are stemmata?
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simple eyes used for vision by larvae
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what are giant axons?
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"interstate highway" nerves on legs of cockroaches used for rapid transmission of nerve impulses
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what is a typanum? where are they? what is their function?
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a specialized mechanoreceptor like our ear drum... found on legs, abdomen, thorax, wings
-avoid predators and find mates |
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where are olfactory chemoreceptors found? what do they respond to?
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on the antannea, respond to airborne chemicals (individual molecules)
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how do insects search for food and mates using smell?
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zig zag back and forth in general direction then hone in closer
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where are taste chemoreceptors found?
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mouthparts (most insects), tarsi aka lower legs (flies, butterflies, bees), antennae (bees), ovipositor
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what carolus linnaeus do? what is he the "father of"?
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-published studies that made people realize a species comes from reproduction
-father of taxonomy & classification |
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what finished off the roman empire?
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plague of Justinian in Egypt
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why did the US get the LA purchase?
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yellow fever killed frenchmen in haiti, the work almost broke napoleon, so he had to make $
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what was the first war in which insect-transmitted diseases did not play a major role in the outcome? why was this?
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WWII--> DDT, effective chemical insecticide, developed & better medical care
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what was the north accused of doing to the south in the civil war?
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releasing harlequin bug that destroyed crops
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what was the Pingfan project?
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WWII- japanese produced millions of fleas and microbes and diseases from them and dropped them on russia and china
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what did Gerhardt Schrader do?
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tested insecticides that led to development of tabun and sarin nerve gases
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insects are __% protein and __% fat
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60% protein and 6% fat
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what is used to treat malaria in non-resistant areas? in resistant areas?
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nonresistant: cloroquinone
resistant: methloquinone |
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why is eastern equine encephalitis the most dangerous?
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it inflames cells in the central nervous system
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does encephalitis require 2 hosts?
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no
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what diseases are caused by a protozoan?
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malaria, sleeping sickness
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what diseases are caused by a virus?
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yellow fever & encephalitis
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what diseases are caused by a nematode?
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elephantiasis (filariasis), river blindness
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what does filariasis (elephantiasis) infect? why do enlargements happen?
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-nematodes collect in lymphatic system and gravity takes them to lower extremities, enlargements b/c blockage of lymph drainage
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what is sleeping sickness vectored by? what does it attack? what is end result?
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tsetse fly
attacks lymphatic then central nervous system destroys brain & functioning |
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what kills more ppl than HIV/AIDS in africa?
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sleeping sickness
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what is river blindness vectored by? where do the worms go?
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biting black flies
worms migrate to eyes and cause damage/blindness, and serious skin deformations |
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how does typhus get into your body?
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louse carry rickettsia, poop it out, ppl scratch feces into open wound and get infected
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how do people get chagas' disease- mode and insect?
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same as typhus (ppl scratch feces into wound)
-assassin bug carries trypanosome (PROTOZOAN!) |
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what is the causal agent of lyme disease?
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a spirochete bacterium (borrelia burgdorferi)
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when are ticks most dangerous?
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may-august-> nymphs active
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what is the vector of leishmaniasis? how does it attack body?
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sandfly
-protozoan attack "hunter-killer" phagocytes in the immune system, weakens person and goes undetected by other cells |
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what is Kala-Azar? what does it do to body? how is mortality rate?
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-visceral leismaniasis
-anemia, enlarged liver & spleen, weakened immune system -mortality extremely high if untreated |
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what does dermal leishmaniasis come from? is it hard to treat?
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-once leishmaniasis is treated, the protozoan can change form and attack macrophages in skin
-very hard to treat, doesn't respond well |
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what is the problem with treatment for leishmaniasis? why did it start spreading again?
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-too expensive for developing countries to afford & hard to explain directions well (ppl use it wrong so it leads to drug resistant protozoans, eek!)
-phased out w/ DDT spraying, but that was deemed ineffective for malaria and stopped, so leish. came back |
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what is west nile virus? what is the main reservoir host? what is disease like?
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a form of encephalitis
-birds! (migratory-> spread it a lot) -flu-like: ppl don't know they have it a lot (80%) |
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what is Nagana? what is the annual cost in africa? what does this loss of cattle lead to?
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-sleeping sickness in cattle
-$5 billion -protein deficiency |