Insect Control And Pest Management

Front 1

Insect ecology

Back 1

Study of relationships.

Front 2

Metapopulations

Back 2

Population that is composed of a separate but interacting set of subpopulations. Common in insects and herbivores. Independent networks. Source and sink

Front 3

Source and sink

Back 3

Source- output , sink - recieve

Front 4

Carrying capacity

Back 4

K selected individuals mostly. Produce lower numbers over long lifespan. With high parental investment

Front 5

High growth rate

Back 5

R selected. Produce high numbers with minimal parenting and short lived lives

Front 6

Most striking aspect of insect communities

Back 6

Precieved environment in a much finer grained fasion

Front 7

Insect niches

Back 7

Can specify. Many freshwater insects specialize in narrow ranges or temp. Flows. And oxygen

Front 8

niche partitioning by leaf miners on white oak

Back 8

up to 19 species of leafminers during a season in NE. 3 to 4 miners can share a leaf. specialists: new vs old leaf, midrib (vein), leaf edge vs middle

Front 9

Exploitation Competition

Back 9

Free for all, first come first served. most common type of competition in leaf minors.

Front 10

Interference Competition

Back 10

Direct interference; distribution of one species ability to use resources. ex. ants chemical release. usually aggressive and fight/defend

Front 11

examples of interface competition

Back 11

1. flour beetles- constant conditioning results in extinction of one species.

2. tiger beetles in AZ, habitat partitioning, tropic partitioning(mandible size)

3. Aphytis wasps- biological control agents, three seperate introductions where each species nearly replaced the other.

Front 12

Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle

Back 12

the idea that 2 complete competitors cannot coexist, or that no 2 species can share the same niche.

Front 13

Competitive displacement in New England Lady beetles

Back 13

started with the c-9 lady beetle, then c-7 lady beetle, now Asian lady beetle.

Front 14

HHS theory on insect herbivory (hairston, smith, and slobodkin)

Back 14

the world is green (food for herbivores) so there should be something to limit the herbivore numbers. parasitoids, pathogens and predators must play a role. OR plants are good at defending themselves. HHS theory= limiting factors could be trophic level dependent.

Front 15

Economic Injury Level (EIL)

Back 15

pest population density when cost of control measures are thought to be equivalent to amount of injury to crop.

Front 16

Economic Threshold (ET)

Back 16

point where control measures should be effected to prevent pest population from overshooting.

Front 17

Back 17

Showing the level of control and the threshold

Front 18

important data for integrated pest management system-

Back 18

affect by weather, activities of adjacent farmers, natural enemies, other insects present, genetics of crop, value of crop.

Front 19

agriculture systems as artificial ecosystems

Back 19

highly distributed communities, similar to early successional stages, usually monocultures, reduce natural enemies, well fertilized, crops have natural pest resistance bred out for faster growing and higher yeilds.

Front 20

Integrated pest management (IPM)

Back 20

-multi faced approach aimed at lowering pesticide dependency. keep insects from reaching EIL. the key is an integrated approach based on sound knowledge of abiotic and biotic factors.

*broad, env friendly, results in positive long term outcomes

Front 21

IPM Arsenal

Back 21

Chemical controls: pesticides, insect growth regulators, neuropeptides.

-biological control, insectisides, genetic engineering, cultural controls, pheremores..

Front 22

Chemical Pesticides

Back 22

insecticides, herbicides, fungicidesm miticides ect. pros- works fast, immediately available, con- health risks, DDT.

- chem pesticides save thousands of lives and increases food production.

Front 23

Disadvantages to pesticides

Back 23

pesticide resistance, indirect cost (social, env, health), ground water contamination, poisoning, increased cases of cancer, non target impacts

Front 24

secondary pest

Back 24

a pest that would not have become one if the pesticide had not been applied (internal feeders)

Front 25

Insect growth regulators (IGR)

Back 25

1. juvenoids: Juvenile hormones effective against insects where adults are pests. (fleas, ants)

2. antijuvenile hormones (premature maturation)

3. chitin synthesis inhibitors (die at molt)

4. ecdysone disruptors/molting hormone

5. neuropeptides (disrupt develop. and rep.)