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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
is there an ER in a bacteria?
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no
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is there a nucleus surrounding the DNA in bacteria?
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no
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what is bacteria loaded with?
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ribosomes
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please describe the chromosome of bacteria
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single closed circle of double stranded DNA
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What is a plasmid?
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small circular piece of DNA in bacteria
often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance or toxin production, etc. |
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please describe the structure of DNA
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structure consists of double helix, sugar phosphate backbone, and bases
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please describe the cytoplasm of bacteria.
What is located here? |
packed with ribosomes
30s + 50s yields 70s (there is a difference in ribosomes in the eukaryote! this is a site of attack for antibiotics) |
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what are polysomes?
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groups of ribosomes found in the cytoplasm of bacteria
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what are inclusion bodies?
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storage granules and gas vacuoles
found in cytoplasm of bacteria |
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what is the difference in the cell wall btw gram positive and gram negative
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gram positive is WAY THICKER (20-40x)
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where do you find an O antigen? what is it made of?
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on a gram negative outer membrane
it is a polysaccharide |
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what actually causes the immune response to gram-negative bacteria?
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Lipid A on the outer cell wall of the bacteria leads to response
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what is a murein layer?
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is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria forming the cell wall
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where do lysozymes affect bacteria?
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at the murein layer (cell wall)
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what bacteria, gram negative or positive has an outer and inner membrane?
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gram-negative
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what is the periplasm?
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space inbetween the inner and outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
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What allows entry of nutrient molecules to gram negative bacteria?
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porins
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what are endotoxins associated with?
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bacteria
is secreted only when the cell is lysed or during bacterial cell division |
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which has a thicker murein layer, gram negative or positive?
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positive
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what is the envelope of a bacteria cell?
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membrane and everything outside
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what is a Mycoplasma
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Bacteria that lacks cell wall (cytoplasmic membrane only)
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if you have a smooth (S) strain of bacteria, what does this mean
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Encapsulated strains
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if you have a rough (R) strain of bacteria, what does this mean
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nonencapsulated strains
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what are the two types of appendages that are seen on bacteria
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pili (fimbriae)
flagella |
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what is the function of Pili?
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Common type responsible for attachment
Sex type involved in genetic transfer |
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what is the function of Flagella
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Provides motility
Driven by proton motive force (pmf) |
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what provides chemotaxis for bacteria
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it is actually the flagella!
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describe the movement of flagella on bacteria
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clockwise: tumble in random fashion
counterclockwise: swim straight in absence of attractant or repellant they alternate indifferently between swimming and tumbling |
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what 2 species are spores found in?
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Bacillus and Clostridium
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what induces sporulation?
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starvation
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how do spores form? hahahah rhyme time
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membrane between 2 parts of cell
Forespore develops Thickened wall develops containing dipicolinic acid (calcium chelator) → ionic cross-linking, dehydration, and shrinking Cells lyses and releases spore |
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describe the size difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Bacteria are prokaryotic and relatively small ~1-3 microns
Everything else are eukaryotic and are 10-100 times larger |
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Oraganelles
present in eukaryotes? prokaryotes? |
Eu: mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc
Pro: none |
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Nucleus
present in eukaryotes? prokaryotes? |
Eu: membrane bounded, many individual chromosomes
Pro: no membrane, single circular chromosome |
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Cell wall
present in eukaryotes? prokaryotes? |
Eu: no cell wall
Pro: rigid peptidoglycan layer |
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Extra-chromosomal DNA
location in eukaryotes? prokaryotes? |
Eu: in organelles
Pro: in plasmids |
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cytoplasmic membrane
function in eukaryotes? prokaryotes? |
eu: no real function
Pro: site of respiration |
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Ribosomes
type/location in eukaryotes? prokaryotes? |
Eu: 80s on ER
Pro: 70s in cytoplasm |
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define Mutualism
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a mutually beneficial association (some normal flora organisms)
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define Commensalism
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one organism may benifit but neither is harmed (most normal flora organisms)
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define Parasitism
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one organism lives at the expense of the other and may do harm (pathogen)
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define Host
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provides habitat for another
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define Pathogen
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organism that can cause damage or disease within the host
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define Pathogenicity:
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ability to inflict damage
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define Virulence
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relative degree of pathogenicity
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define Determinants of virulence
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genetic, biochemical, and structural features that enable a pathogen to inflict damage
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where are some of the locations of normal flora?
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Skin
Mouth and nose Urogenital tract Intestinal tract Eye |
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what are the 2 mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity?
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Invasiveness
Toxigenesis |
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Size and morphology are 2 ways to do what for bacteria?
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Classify them
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the 2 Forms of Gram + are?
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Cocci and Rods
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3 forms of Gram -
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spiral
rods cocci |
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acid fast bacteria are?
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mycobacteria
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there are 2 intracellular bacterias please list them
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chlamydia
rickettsia |
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what is the wall-less bacteria we need to konw?
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mycoplasma
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Treponema and Borrelia are what?
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spiral gram negative bacteria
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Pseudomonas, E. coli, Haemophilus, Bacteroides, etc
are what? |
rod gram negative bacteria
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Neisseria is what?
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cocci gram negative bacteria
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Corynebacteria and Listeria are what
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rod gram + bacteria
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Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are what
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Gram positive cocci
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