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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
monophyletic clade |
a group containing an ancestor and all its descendants |
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paraphyletic clade |
a group with an ancestor that does not contain all of its descendants |
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Polyphyletic group |
a group that has descendants from more than one ancestor |
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sister groups |
most closely related clades in the nodes of the phylogram |
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cladistics |
a way of classifying organisms according to morphological characters |
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synapomorphy |
shared derived characters |
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morphospecies |
a community that has a distinct morphological characteristic that should have a specific name |
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apomorphies |
more derived, advanced characters |
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plesiomorphies |
more ancestral and primitive characters |
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symplesiomorphies |
shared primitive characters |
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autapomorphies |
specialized characters that are only present in one taxon |
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homoplasies |
shared, but independently derived characters |
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numerical taxonomy |
phonetics --- a second approach to systematics |
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anagenesis |
the amount of time and differentiation that have taken place since groups divided |
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cladogenesis |
the process of a branch or lineage splitting between sister groups |
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phenograms |
similar to a phylogram, but OTUs in replace of competitors |
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phylogram |
a tree where evolutionary relationships are expressed |
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allometry |
lengths of different body parts change at different rates |
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international code of zoological nomenclature |
system of rules designed to foster stability of scientific names for animals |
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Principal of priority |
the first validly described name will be the name used if a species has accidentally been described twice |
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holotype |
the specimen that is used as reference to describe a species |
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lectotype |
the specimen selected from the group of syntypes to be the holotype |
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syntype |
a series of specimen that was used to describe a new species, but changes dissallow this practice now |
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neotype |
a replacement primary type |
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paratype |
additionally used specimen to help describe the new species |
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paralectotypes |
all the leftover syntypes after the lectotype has been chosen |
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topotype |
a specimen taken from the same locality as the holotype |
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allotype |
a paratype of the opposite sex good for sexual dimorphism |
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splitting |
what was considered a single species was more than one species |
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lumping |
when two specimens have been described as seperate species and they are actually one species. the name that was created first will be the name for the species (principal of priority) |
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morphometric |
any measurable structures -fin length -eye diameter -head length |
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anatomical characters |
characters of the skeleton and soft anatomy - division of muscles -branches of blood vessels -color |
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molecular characters |
characacters of DNA and RNA and mtDNA barcoding - relies on differences between species in mtDNA |
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meristic characters |
countable strucutres --- easily reproduceable -fin rays -number of vertebrate |
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ostracoderms |
shell skinned bony shield covered head to thorax |
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pteraspidimorphi |
jawless filter feeders inhabited marine and fresh waters |
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thelodonti |
jawless fish covered with denticles rather than bony plates dorsal and anal fins bony fish |
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placoderms |
head and thorax covered in armored plates rest of body sclaed first jawed fishes |
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acanthodians |
possible air breathers jawless bony and cartilaginous |
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coelacanthiformes |
bony jawed fish |
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dipnoi |
boney leaf like fins two dorsal fins lack of teeth |
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palaeonisciformes |
one dorsal fin heterocercal tail bony fish |
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cephalaspidiformes innovations |
ossification of the endoskeleton head shields are sutureless and lack apparent growth rings |
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placoderm innovations and their consequences
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craniovertebral joint -increased mobility -fixed underjaw blade like jaw bones --- subject to breakage and wear -no apparent placement mechanisms |
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distinctions between modern and old sharks |
ventral mouth jaw suspension - jaw-pectoral girldle linkage tooth replacement mechanism |
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main characteristics of cartilaginous fish |
multiple gill slits nostrils on the side of the head teeth are not attached to jaw tiny toothlike scales (placoid scales) |
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common features of chimaeras and sharks |
claspers for internal fertilization cartilaginous skeleton oil bouyant liver/no gas bladder/ spiral valve intestines |
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paleoniscoid fishes to pre-teleostean neopterygian |
hyomandibula shifts vertically posterior end of maxilla was removed from cheek bones jaw muscles increased in size and complexity -bite increases in speed and strength ---from scissor like action to sucking like action -homocercal tail -ossification of the vertebral collumn |
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life cycle of a parasitic lamprey |
-born in freshwater -spends 1-2 years in the ocean as a parasite -comes back when ready to reproduce -stops eating, gives birth, and dies |
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life cycle of a non-parasitic lamprey |
born in fresh water, stays an adult in freshwater (can move from pond to stream or river), reproduces, and dies. dont get as big as parasitic lamprey |
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gills: ram ventilation |
keeping mouth slightly open while swimming, so the water flows over the gills ---only for strong swimmers |
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gills: buccal/pumping action |
when the fish is adjusting the size of the buccal chamber and opercular chamber to pump water across their gills
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primary and secondary lamellae |
-primary = gill filaments -secondary = epithelial membranes which enhances the diffusion of gas because the blood is pumping the opposite direction that water is flowing over the gills |
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lampreys - differences from hagfish |
1-2 dorsal fins terminal mouth 2 semicircular canals have a pineal organ and functioning eyes seven gill openings use tongue for rasping and sucking |
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hagfish - differences from lampreys |
mucus producing capabilities single cutaneous caudle fin subterminal mouth 1 semicircular canal no pineal gland or functioning eyes gill openings vary between 1-16 use their tongue for biting and tearing |
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hagfish and lamprey similarities |
immune response - immunoglobulin -pathogen specific response to microbes both have keratinous tongues no jaw bone circular mouths no paired fins |
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main problem in interpreting fossil records
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volcanic rock does not work well -to hot sedimentary rock works better --fossils can be broken up and incomplete, hard to tell what they are |