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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 influences on metabolic rate
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1. physical activity
2. termperature 3. eating |
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What's the unit of measure of energy provided in food and energy consumed by the body?
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kilocalorie
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When caloric intake > energy expenditure over a period of time, excess calories are stored as _____.
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fat
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2 types of vitamins
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1. water-soluble
2. fat-soluble |
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4 fat-soluble vitamins
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1. A
2. D 3. E 4. K |
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Water-soluble vitamins needed for enzyme activity involved in ____ _________.
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cell respiration
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Gland which regulates eating behavior
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hypothalamus
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5 neurotransmitters which control eating behavior
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1. endorphins
2. norepinephrine 3. serotonin 4. cholecystokinin 5. neuropeptide Y |
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Adipose cells [are/are not] endocrine in nature.
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are
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What is secreted by adipocytes?
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leptin
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Leptin
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regulates food intake and metabolism
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A rise in plasma glucose stimulates ________ and inhibits __________.
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insulin; glucagon secretion
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Amino acids stimulate secretion of ________ and _________.
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insulin; glucagon
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Insulin
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promotes uptake of blood glucose into skeletal muscle and other tissues
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Major organs that remove blood glucose in response to insulin stimulation.
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skeletal muscles
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2 things that happen during fasting:
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1. insulin secretion decreases
2. glucagon secretion increases |
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4 processes stimulated by glucagon:
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1. glycogenolysis in the liver
2. gluconeogenesis 3. lipolysis 4. ketogenesis |
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Glucagon
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helps to maintain adequate levels of blood glucose for the brain and provide alternative energy sources for other organs
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2 disorders of islets of Langerhans:
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1. diabetes mellitus
2. reactive hypoglycemia |
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus occurs when _______ cells are destroyed.
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beta
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of ________ and ___________.
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relative tissue insensitivity to insulin; inadequate insulin secretion
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is aggravated by _______ and improved by _______.
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obesity; exercise
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What causes reactive hypoglycemia?
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Islets secrete too much insulin in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration.
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2 adrenal hormones involved in energy regulation:
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1. epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
2. glucocortioids (adrenal cortex) |
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Epinephrine stimulates__________ and ________ and activates increased metabolism of ______ fat.
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glycogenolysis; lipolysis; brown
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2 processes promoted by glucocorticoids:
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1. breakdown of muscle protein
2. conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver |
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Thyroxine stimulates _____________.
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rate of cell respiration throughout the body
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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rate at which energy (and oxygen) is consume by the body at rest
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Thyroxine promotes _________ and is needed for proper ____________ and ___________, especially of the CNS.
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protein synthesis; body growth; development
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(def)
specific actions the nurse takes that are designed to assist the client to achieve expected client outcomes |
Goal
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Growth hormone stimulates _______ and inhibits __________.
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catabolism of lipids; glucose utilization
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Growth hormone also stimulates ____________ and thus promotes body growth.
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protein synthesis
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Somatomedins
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polypeptides called insulin-like hormones which produce the anabolic effects of growth hormone
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Bone contains _______ and _______ in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals.
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calcium; phosphate
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Bone serves as a reserve supply of calcium and phosphate for the _______.
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blood
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Osteoblasts
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form bone
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Osteoclasts
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reabsorb bone
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Parathyroid hormone stimulates __________ and ___________, thus raising the blood calcium concentration.
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bone resorption; calcium resorption in the kidneys
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What stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone?
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decreased blood calcium levels
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Parathyroid hormone inhibits ________.
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resorption of phosphate in the kidneys, so more phosphate is excreted in urine
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What secretes calcitonin?
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parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
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A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates secretion of _________.
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calcitonin
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Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by inhibiting _____ and stimulating _________.
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bone resorption; urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate
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