Human Physiology Lab Exam

Front 1

Chemoreptors

Back 1

Taste and Smell receptors stimulated by chemicals

Hint 1

Front 2

Nasophrynx

Back 2

Where the nose and mouth are connected.

Hint 2

Front 3

Conduction of deafness

Back 3

transmission of nerve waves through the middle ear to the oval window is impaired.

Hint 3

Front 4

Nerve Deafness

Back 4

transmission of nerve impulses from the cochlea to the auditory complex of the brain is impaired.

Hint 4

Front 5

Condensor Lens/Compound Lens

Back 5

The lens on a microscope that focuses light onto a specimen.

Hint 5

Front 6

Base

Back 6

The Bottom of the microscope that provides steady support for the weight of the microscope.The light source is part of a base

Hint 6

Front 7

Microscope Stand/Arm

Back 7

Supports the observation tube, eyepieces, and objectives. When you pick up your microscope, grasp the stand holding the microscope upright, and support it underneath the base with your free hand.

Hint 7

Front 8

Ocular lens

Back 8

aka 'eye piece', where you look to observe the specimen. It increases the size of the specimen by 10x. The ocular lenses are not attached to the ocular tube so the microscope must be kept upright at all times.

Hint 8

Front 9

Nosepiece

Back 9

The revolving part to which three objectives are attached. It must be completely "clicked" into position when the objective is changed.

Hint 9

Front 10

Objective Lenceses

Back 10

Objective lenses should always be used in order of the lwst to the hghst magnification; each magnifies the specimen by the factor marked on the particular lens. Typically, the scanning objective has a signification of 4x, the low power objective has 10x, and the high power is 45x. The total magnification of any specimen seen through a light microscope is a result of the ocular lens and the objective lens

Hint 10

Front 11

Stage

Back 11

Supports the slide that is held onto it by stage clips and has a hole so that light can shine up through the specimen.

Hint 11

Front 12

Condensor

Back 12

The lens that focuses the light source from under the stage.

Hint 12

Front 13

Condensor Adjustment Knob

Back 13

on the right side of the stage, it raises or lowers the stage.

Hint 13

Front 14

Iris Diaphragm Lever

Back 14

Opens and closes the iris diaphragm in the condenser, regulating the amount of light that comes through.

Hint 14

Front 15

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Back 15

The lrgr of two knobs located on each side of the microscope arm, it moves the nosepiece up and down for focusing on the slide.

Hint 15

Front 16

Fine Adjustment Knob

Back 16

This is the smaller knob attchd to the coarse adjustment knob, this refines the focus of the high power objective.

Hint 16

Front 17

Depth of Field

Back 17

Range of distance.

ex: Near vs Far

Hint 17

Front 18

Magnification

Back 18

To increase the size of a specimen

Hint 18

Front 19

Resolution

Back 19

To adjust the microscope to be able to distinguish objects as sperate

Hint 19

Front 20

Cytoplasam

Back 20

Watery part of the cell. It makes up 60% of the cell.

*Water is the most common in our body, for every 100 molecules, 99 of them are water*

Hint 20

Front 21

Fun Facts about water

Back 21

1) Water is an active molecule. It has a lot of internal Kinetic energy.

2) Water can easily become a gas from a liquid state and evaporate without any problems.

3) Water is POLAR; One end is positive and the other end is negative. This helps water conduct electricity and disloves stuff (it is the best solvent)

Hint 21

4) Water molecules are so small they can slip through membranes/

5) Water molecules diffuse away from other molecules which keeps the concentration equal throughout the the cell.

Front 22

Solutes

Back 22

stuff that dissolves in the solute

Hint 22

Front 23

Solution

Back 23

When the solute dissolves in the solvent it becomes a solution.

solute+solvent= solution

Hint 23

Front 24

Ions

Back 24

ion is a charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule.

Hint 24

Sometimes solutes dissolve into ions like sodium chloride. Polar molecules don't ionize. But they still have their areas of charge.

Front 25

Membrane

Back 25

Boundary of cell. They are Selective Permeable (semi-permeable)

Hint 25

Front 26

Permeate

Back 26

The ability to pass into and out of the cell.

Hint 26

Front 27

Cocentration Gradient

Back 27

The difference of any type of molecule on either side of a solution. *The gradient is what makes the molecules diffuse.

Hint 27

Front 28

Osmosis

Back 28

To reach equilibrium, the cocentration graident follows the flow of WATER; Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

high to low

Hint 28

Front 29

Osmolarity

Back 29

Describes the total number of dissolved particles in the solution. *Can be used to determine the flow of water*

1 osmol= 1 mol of solute particles per liter of solution

Hint 29

Front 30

Isotonic Cell

Back 30

if the cell has the same osmolarity as the extracelluar enviroment. Water solutes won't move and volume won't change.

Hint 30

Front 31

Hypertonic

Back 31

If the extracelluar fluid has a higher osmolarity than the cell. Water will flow out of the cell and the cell will shrivel and die. ***CRENATE***

Hint 31

Front 32

Hypotonic

Back 32

When the osmolarity of the cell is lower than the cell, more water and fluids will rush into the cell causing it to swell and BUSRT TO DEATH. ***LYSE***

Hint 32

Front 33

Dialysis

Back 33

A process to separate smller molecules from lrgr molecules in a solution.

OR

Flitering of blood in kidneys

Hint 33

Front 34

Aliqout

Back 34

Sample portion of a solution/ one full squeeze out of a plastic pipette.

Hint 34

Front 35

Benedict's Reagent

Back 35

Blue, but turns green/orange when it reacts to glucose

Hint 35

Front 36

Iodine Reagent

Back 36

Dark brown, but turns dark purple when it reacts with Starch

Hint 36

Front 37

Acidity

Back 37

The concentration of hydrogen ions that are free in the solution (not bound to any molecule)

Hint 37

Front 38

Acids

Back 38

molecules that release hydrogen ions in a solution.

(Water, lemons, etc.)

Hint 38

Front 39

Base

Back 39

Molecules that accept free hydrogen ions and form charge attractions.

(arm and hammer, drano, etc.)

Hint 39

Front 40

Fun Fact about Hydrogen Ions

Back 40

They're are small and energetic, which helps them asscociate with other molecules easily. They can change other molecules reactivtiy and function.

Hint 40

Front 41

pH Scale

Back 41

pH= potency of hydrogen. Used to measure the acidity of something.0-14, 7 is neutral.

0-6=acid

8-14=base

*The scale represents a 10 fold increase in ion concentration acidity each #*

Hint 41

lower the number, the more acidic it is.

Front 42

Equation for acidity

Back 42

pH=-log[H+]

*Donates h

Front 43

Equation for Base 1

Back 43

pOH=-log[oH-]

poH=0.3

Front 44

Equation for BAse 2

Back 44

pOH + pH = 14

0.3 +pH =14

Front 45

Anthocyanin

Back 45

Water souluble pigment that gives vegtables and flowers a pink, purple, or blue colors.

pH 1-6 = Red Acid

pH 7 = Purple

pH 1-6= Green/blue Base

pH 11-14= Green Yellow Base

Hint 45

Front 46

Buffer

Back 46

A substance that can reversibly bind free hydrogen ions. They can resist pH differences--even when bases and acids are added.

Hint 46

Front 47

Free hydrogen ions can____

Back 47

effect the folding of protein polypeptide chain.

*Temp and ion concentrations can also effect the folding of polypeptide chains*

Front 48

Enzymes

Back 48

specailized proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions that are vital to metabolism.

ex: turning a substrate into a product.

Hint 48

Front 49

Enymes___

Back 49

1) lwr the activation energy for a reaction

2) R not consumed by the reactions they catalyze

3) Do NOT alter the equilibruim of their reactions.

Hint 49

Front 50

A major source of _1__ in the body is __2__

Back 50

1) Acid

2) Carbon Dioxide

Front 51

Affinity

Back 51

used to debscribe the strength of the bond at the active site.

Hint 51

Front 52

Substrate Specificity

Back 52

The 3 dimmensional shape of the active site determines the what ligands can bind to it. This prevents the wrong ligand from binding (most of the time)

*regulate enzmye activity*

Hint 52

Front 53

Feedback Loops

Back 53

When an enzyme is deactivated by the concentration of substate or product.

Hint 53

Front 54

Denature

Back 54

When large shifts in pH or temperture in the celluar enviroment disable the change caused by the enzyme.

Hint 54

Front 55

Rate of an enzyme is determined by __1__ and __2__

Back 55

Concentration of

1) enzyme

2) substrate

Hint 55

Front 56

Blood is made up of

Back 56

Formed elements:

1) Cells

2) Platelets

Hint 56

Front 57

Plasma

Back 57

Liquid portion of blood

Hint 57

Front 58

Blood Plasma

Back 58

Composed of water, protiens ions, and antibodies.

Hint 58

Front 59

Formed Elements

Back 59

The cellular structures of blood.

These are:

1) Thrombocytes (platelets)

2) Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

3) Leukocytes (White blood cells)

Hint 59

*All formed blood cells are made in the bone marrow*

Front 60

Platelets

Back 60

Broken off pieces of lrg cells, they clot injuries (along w/ proteins).

Hint 60

Front 61

Red Blood Cells

Back 61

Most numerous formed elements. They:

1) Carry respiratory gasses on hemoglobin from the lungs to other tissues.

Hint 61

*non-nucleated= cannot replicate*

Front 62

White Blood Cells

Back 62

~Part of the bodies immune system~ they fight off infections. They're two groups:

1) Granular (speckled)

2) Agranular (not speckled)

Hint 62

Front 63

Neutrophils

Back 63

White Blood Cell

Granular

Most Common

Phagocytic (eating)

Eats invadors and destroy them

Hint 63

Front 64

Eosinophils

Back 64

White Blood Cell

Granular

Rare

Parasite hunters

Hint 64

Front 65

Basophil

Back 65

White Blood Cell

Granular

Rare

Allergic Reactions

Hint 65

Front 66

Monocytes

Back 66

White Blood Cell

Agranular

The Tony Soprano waste mangement system of the body, they eat everything. Once they leave the circulatory system, they are called macrophages.

Hint 66

Front 67

Lymphocyte

Back 67

White Blood Cell

Agranular

Many types and many jobs.

Hint 67

Front 68

Naive Lymphocyte

Back 68

T-Cells

B-Cells

*Two of Each*

Hint 68

Front 69

Cytotoxic T-Cells

Back 69

White Blood Cell

Agranular

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

Kill virally infected Cells

Hint 69

Front 70

Helper T-Cells

Back 70

White Blood Cell

Agranular

Helper T-lymphocyte

Activate and rev up macrophages and B-cells

Hint 70

Front 71

Plasma B-Cells

Back 71

White Blood Cell

Agranular

Plasma B-Lymphocytes

Responsible for creating antibodies to foreign invaders

Hint 71

Front 72

Memory B-Cells

Back 72

White Blood Cell

Agranular

Memory B-Lymphocytes

Remember past pathogens so you don't get sick from them again.

Hint 72

Front 73

Blood Types

Back 73

*Blood Types are based on the protein/antigens of the blood cell*

A

B

AB

O

Hint 73

Front 74

Antigens

Back 74

Two Types:

A

B

Hint 74

Front 75

Antibodies

Back 75

They bind to antigens on the blood cell. Two Types:

A

B

Hint 75

Front 76

Aggulation

Back 76

When the wrong antibodies bind with the wrong antigens. Usually fatal because it traps the respiratory gasses in the cell.

Ex: ANTI-A antibodies BIND to A antigens

Hint 76

Front 77

Type A

Back 77

Antigen- A antigen

Antibodies- B antibodies

Can receive from- A,O

Can donate to- A, AB

Hint 77

Front 78

Type B

Back 78

Antigen- B antigen

Antibody- A antibodies

Can receive from- B, O

Can donate to- B, AB

Hint 78

Front 79

Type AB

Back 79

Antigen- A and B antigens

Antibody- No antibodies

Can receive from- AB, B, A, O

Can donate to- AB

*Universal recipient*

Hint 79

Front 80

Type 0

Back 80

Antigen- NAKED

Antibody- A, B, AB

Can receive from- 0

Can donate to- A, AB, O, B

Hint 80

Front 81

Rh Factor

Back 81

rHesus Factor

50 DEFINED GROUPS

However what matters is that pregnant women can have babies that produce different factors that could be negative or positive and can kill mom;Hemolytuc disease of the newborn.

Hint 81

Front 82

Hemostasis

Back 82

Natural form of aggulation; Also called blood coagulation or blood clotting. When you get cut, and your body heals yourself.

Hint 82

Front 83

The senses

Back 83

Pain

Tactile(touch)

temperature (hot and cold)

Chemical (smell and taste)

Vision

Hearing

Proprioceptic/Kinesthetic-aware of body position

Equlibrium-maintain our orientation in space

Hint 83

Front 84

Afferent Nerves

Back 84

Help take knowledge from our enviroment to our central nervous system(CNS), which includes the brain or spinal cord.

Hint 84

Front 85

3 parts of the Afferent Nervous System:

Back 85

1) Sensory Receptors

2) Neural Pathways

3) CNS

Hint 85

Front 86

Sensory Receptprs

Back 86

Take a stimulus from the environment and convert it into a signal that can be passed on to the CNS.

Hint 86

Front 87

Neural Pathway

Back 87

carry the signal for the sensory information to the CNS

Hint 87

Front 88

Central Nervous System

Back 88

will interpret the sensory information and will make a response if necessary.

Hint 88

Front 89

Modality

Back 89

Type of stimulus

ex: light waves, photons

Hint 89

Front 90

Intensity

Back 90

strength of stimulus

ex: how bright the light wave

Hint 90

Front 91

Location

Back 91

where the stimulus is occurring

ex: in the eye

Hint 91

Front 92

Duration

Back 92

refers to how long the stimulus lasts

ex: brief flash of light

Hint 92

Front 93

Sensory Unit

Back 93

One sensory afferent neurin and sensory receptor endings

Hint 93

Front 94

Receptive Field

Back 94

Area of the body that stimulates one sensory unit

Hint 94

Front 95

Lateral Inhibition

Back 95

most strongly activated signal pathway originating from the center of a stimulus area inhibits the less excited sensory pathways from adjacent sensory receptors by means of lateral inhibitory connections within sensory pathways reducing their response to the stimulus.

Hint 95

Front 96

Meissner's Corpuscles

Back 96

Sensitive to soft touch. Tactile, light touch

Hint 96

Front 97

Merkel's Discs

Back 97

Located on the surface layers of our body. Tactile, touch

Hint 97

Front 98

Pacinian Corpuscle

Back 98

sensitive to deep pressure. They are more plentiful in the palm of our hands, soles of our feet, and in our joints. Deep pressure

Hint 98

Front 99

Free Nerve Ending

Back 99

pain

Hint 99

Front 100

Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscle

Back 100

corpuscle, deep pressure

Hint 100

Front 101

Ruffini Corpuscle

Back 101

warmth

Hint 101

Front 102

The eye

Back 102

a) fovea

b) pupil

c) lens

d) optic discs

*blood vessels cross the retina but the brain tells it to ignore it*

Hint 102

Front 103

Accomendation

Back 103

The rounding of lens, it bends light rays to focus the image on the retina

Hint 103

Front 104

Presbyopia

Back 104

when someone ages and loses the elasticity in their eyes. (reducing near vision)

Hint 104

Front 105

Near Point

Back 105

the closet an object can be focused on when the object

Hint 105

Front 106

Visual Acuity

Back 106

Your measure of vision ability

Hint 106

Front 107

Emmetropia

Back 107

Good vision 20/20. Light converges on the lens to the back of the eye

Hint 107

Front 108

Myopia

Back 108

Nearsightedness, 20/50. The eyeball is too long and the light converges on the middle of the eye (in front of the retina)

Hint 108

Front 109

Hyperopia

Back 109

Farsightedness, 20/10. Eyeball is too short, so the light hits the back of the retina and doesn't converge at all.

Hint 109

Front 110

Astigmastism

Back 110

Vision is blurry because of an abnormal curvature of the lens.

Hint 110

Front 111

Optic Disc

Back 111

No photorecptors (rods or cones) in this area of the eye. Blood vessels and optic nerve converge. This creates a blind spot in your vision.

Hint 111