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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
During the first two years, what are the 2 related aspects of personalty development?
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Close ties to others and a sense of self
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Erikson believed that a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the quality of what?
Relieving discomfort, waiting patiently until baby has had enough milk, and weaning when the infants shows less interest in breast or bottle. |
Care giving
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In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of infancy, which is resolved positively when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving
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Basic trust vs mistrust
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Explains an infant who expects the world to be good and gratifying, so he feels confident about venturing and exploring
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Trusting infant
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Explains an infant who cannot count on the kindness and compassion of others, so she protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her
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Basic mistrust
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In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of toddlerhood, which is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices
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Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
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Basic trust and autonomy grow out of warm, sensitive parenting and reasonable expectations for impulse control starting when?
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In the second year
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How will an infants outcome be if a parent is over- or undercontrolling?
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The child will feel forced and shamed or will doubt his ability to control his impulses and act competently on his own
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Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.
Universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival |
Basic emotions
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Expressed first in blissful smiles and later through exuberant laughter
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Happiness
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Between 6 and 10 weeks, parents communication evokes this broad grin
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The social smile
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When does laughter appear?
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3-4 months
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Expressions of what (responses to pain, removal of object, brief separation) are less frequent than anger
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Sadness
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What is condition that impairs all aspects of development?
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When caregiver- infant communication is seriously damaged
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What two basic emotions rise during the second half of the first year?
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Anger and fear
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The most frequent expression of fear.
A response to unfamiliar adults |
Stranger anxiety
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A point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support.
Babies use their familiar caregiver |
Secure base
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Encounters with strangers lead to 2 conflicting tendencies. What are they?
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Approach ( indicated by interest and friendliness) and
Avoidance (indicated by fear) |
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Feeling happy or sad when babies sense these emotions in others.
Fairly automatic. |
Emotional contagion
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According to emotional contagion, infants start to view others as this.
An awareness belived to lay the foundation for understanding others' thought and feelings |
"like me"
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Begins at 8-10 months.
When infants actively seek emotional info from a trusted person in and uncertain situation. Helps young children move beyond simply reacting to others' emotional messages |
Social referencing
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Humans are capable of a second, higher order set of feelings.
These include guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. Each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self |
Self-conscious emotions
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When do self- conscious emotions appear?
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end of second year- 18-24 months
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Besides self- awareness, self- conscious emotions require an additional ingredient. what is it?
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Adult interaction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty
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Refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals.
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Emotional self- regulation
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Requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions.
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Emotional self-regulation
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What is the outcome when parents respond angrily or wait to intervene until the infant has become extremely agitated?
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They reinforce the baby's rapid rise to intense distress and may result in an anxious,reactive child with a reduced capacity for regulating emotion
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When parents are emotionally sympathetic but set limits (don't give in to temper tantrums), and suggest better ways to handle refusals, children acquire what in their preschool years?
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More effective anger regulation strategies and social skills
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Early appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
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Temperament
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Refers to the quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity
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Reactivity
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Refers to strategies that modify a reactivity
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Regulation
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When describing someone as cheerful and up-beat, or active and energetic, or calm, cautious, and prone to anger, we are describing what?
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Temperament
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What to researchers' nine dimensions served as the first influential model of temperament?
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Thomas and Chess's
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What are the three types of children?
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Easy child, difficult child, and slow to warm up child
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A child that is quickly to establish regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences is said to be what kind of child?
Includes 40% of children |
Easy child
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When a child has irregular routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely, is said to be what kind of child?
Includes 10% of children |
Difficult child
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When a child is inactive, shows mild, low key reactions to environmental stimuli, has a negative mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences, is said to be what kind of child?
Includes 15% of children |
Slow to warm up child
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How many children did not fit into any of the types of children categories?
They showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics |
35%
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The capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.
The self regulatory dimension of temperament |
Effortful control
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Children who react negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli
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Inhibited, shy, children
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Children who display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli
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Uninhibited, sociable, children
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At what age do children improve substantially on tasks requiring effortful control?
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2.5-3 years
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What type of children (inhibited/uninhibited) experience high heart rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms?
They also have higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity |
Inhibited, shy children
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What type of children (inhibited/uninhibited) experience lower heart rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms?
They also have higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity. |
Uninhibited, sociable children
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How does temperament develop and after what age is it a better indicator?
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Develops with age, after age 3
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On average, how many individual differences have been attributed to differences in genetic make up?
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Half
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Which sex is more active and daring, more irritable when frustrate, and more impulsive?
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Boys
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Nutrition, care giving, cultural variations, gender stereotyping, and role of siblings are all examples of what?
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Environmental influences on temperament
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Describes how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes.
Involves creating child rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning |
Goodness-of-fit model
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The strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.
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Attachment
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In Erikson's theory,which perspective regards feeding as the primary contexts in which caregivers and babies build attachment?
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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A theory that recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
The most widely accepted view |
Ethological theory of attachment
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What are the four phases of attachment?
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Preattahcment phase
Attachment-in-the-making phase Clear- cut attachment Formation of a reciprocal relationship |
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An attachment phase from birth to 6 weeks.
Includes built in signals, like grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing into the adult's eyes. Helps being newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them |
Preattachment Phase
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A phase of attachment from 6 weeks to 6-8 months.
Infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. Infants will learn that their own actions affect the behavior of those around them, they begin to develop a sense of trust but they still do not protest when separated from her. |
Attachment-in-the-making Phase
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The expectation that the caregiver will respond when signaled
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Sense of trust
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Attachment phase from 6-8 months to 18 months.
Babies display separation anxiety depending of infant temperament and current situation. |
Clear-cute attachment Phase
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When babies become upset when their trusted caregiver leaves.
Increases between 6-15 months. |
Separation anxiety
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Phase of attachment from 18 months-2 years and on.
Rapid growth in representation and language permits toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parent's coming and going to predict her return. |
Formation of reciprocal relationship
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A set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and the likelihood of providing support during times of stress.
Becomes a vital part of personalty serving as a guide for all future close relationships |
Internal working model
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A lab procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth,that assesses attachment between 1 and 2 years of age.
It takes the baby through 8 short episodes in which brief situations from and reunions with the parent occur in an unfamiliar playroom |
Strange Situations
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These infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it's because the parent is absent and they prefer her over the stranger. When parent returns, that seek contact, and crying is reduced.
About 65% of infants |
Secure Attachment
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These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually aren't distressed and they react to the stranger in same way as to parent. During reunion, they avoid or are sloe to greet parent.
About 20% of infants |
Avoidant Attachment
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These infants seek closeness to the parent before separation and often fail to explore. When parent leaves, that are distressed and on return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior (hitting behavior).
About10% of infants |
Resistant Attachment
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This pattern of attachment reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused, contradictory behaviors ( looking away while parent holding them or approaching parent with flat emotion).
About 5% of infants |
Disorganized/ disorientated Attachment
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What is the most common attachment quality in all societies studies?
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Secured Attachment
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Opportunity for attachment, quality of care giving, infant characteristic's, and parents' internal working models are all factors that may influence what?
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Attachment security
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Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully.
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Sensitive caregiving
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What type of characteristics are only weakly related to attachment quality because many child attributes can lead to secure attachment?
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Infant characteristics
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Described as reconstructed memories affected by many factors, including relationship experiences over the life course, personality, and current life satisfaction.
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Internal working models
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Early rearing experiences do not destine us to become sensitive or insensitive parents, what does?
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The way we view our childhoods
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Who are some other attachments that infants can have?
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Fathers, siblings, grandparents, and/or professional caregivers
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How to mothers and fathers play differently with their infant?
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Mothers more often provide toys, talk to infants, and gently play games (pat a cake) and fathers tend to engage in highly arousal physical play with bursts of excitement
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Secure attachment is related to positive attachment where?
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Later years, preschool, middle childhood
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What type of caregiving determines whether attachment security is linked to later development?
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Continuity of caregiving
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What does a secure attachment in infancy launch in the parent-child relationship?
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On a positive path
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Perception that combines information from more than one modality, or sensory system, resulting in an integrated whole
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Intermodal perception
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Self development key that starts from birth.
Aided by intermodal perception |
Self-awareness
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Identification of the self as a physically unique being-as well established.
Around age 2. Children point to themselves and refer to themselves by name |
Self-recognition
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The ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way.
Aided by self-awareness and self-conscious emotions. |
Empathy
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Begins to develop at 18-30 months.
They classify themselves and others on the basis of age (baby,boy,man), sex (boy, girl), physical characteristics( big, strong), and even goodness vs badness (good girl, tommy mean). Used to organize behavior |
Categorical self
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Self awareness contributes to this.
Inhibiting impulses, managing negative emotions, and behaving acceptably. |
Effortful control
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To behave in this way child need:
Awareness of self as separate and autonomous, confidence in directing owns actions, and memory for instructions |
Effortful control
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Between 12-18 months.
Toddlers show clear awareness of caregivers' wishes and expectations and can obey simple request and commands. |
Compliance
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What increases compliance?
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Warm, sensitive care giving.
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Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act
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Delay of gratification
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