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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or false? A cell is the smallest unit of life
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True
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When some of your cells become damaged or die, can they be replaced
A. Yes B. No C. It depends on which type of cell. |
C. It depends on which type of cell.
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Prokaryotic cells do not have ________.
A. a cell membrane B. a nucleus C. chromosomes D. cytoplasm |
B. a nucleus
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Plasma membranes contain which of the following:
A. Phosphlipids B. Cholesterol C. Proteins D. All the above |
D. All of the above
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Which form of transport primarily uses a concentration gradient to move solutes?
A. Diffusion B. Facilitated Transport C. Osmosis D. Active Transport |
A. Diffusion
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The function of epithelial tissues is to ________.
A. support body organs and muscles B. store fat for energy C. line or cover body and organ surfaces D. transmit electrical impulses |
C. line or cover body and organ surfaces
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Which type of muscle is described as striated and under voluntary control?
A. Skeletal B. Cardiac C. Smooth D. All the above |
A. Skeletal
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Which one of the following is an organ?
A. Bone B. Skin C. Nerves D. Blood |
B. Skin
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Which of the following cells make bone?
A. Osteoclasts B. White blood cells C. Macrophages D. Osteoblasts |
D. Osteoblasts
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What is the term for the connective tissue that holds two bones together?
A. Tendon B. Elastic Fiber C. Ligament D. Basement Membrane |
C. Ligament
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True or false? All joints are freely movable.
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False
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True or False? Bone is a living tissue.
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True
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Which type of cellular vesicle stores materials destined for release via exocytosis?
a. secretory b. peroxisomes c. endocytotic d. lysosomes |
a. secretory
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What does the sodium potassium pump require to function normally?
a. cholesterol in the cellular membrane b. ATP c. a hypertonic condition d. A concentration gradient |
b. ATP
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Which term refers to the transport of water across the cell membrane?
a. diffusion through channels b. diffusion c. osmosis d. active transport |
c. Osmosis
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Which of the following statements concerning microvilli is false?
a. Microvilli are microscopic projections of the cell's plasma membrane. b. Microvilli move together in a rhythmic, wave-like motion. c. The cell's surface area, relative to volume, is greatly increased by the presence of microvilli. d. Microvilli are common in cells that line the digestive track. |
b. Microvilli move together in a rhythmic, wave-like function
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Which of the following statements concerning energy is false?
a. The most effective way to harvest energy is to release it quickly. b. The body stores most of its reserve energy as fat. c. Fat produces more than twice the energy of carbohydrates and protein. d. Energy is constantly being transferred into and out of the body. |
a. The most effective way to harvest energy is to release it quickly
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Which of the following is present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
a. DNA b. cytoplasm c. a nuclear membrane d. a plasma membrane |
c. a nuclear membrane
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What molecule in the structure of the plasma membrane prevents the membrane from becoming too fluid?
a. phospholipids b. DNA c. carbohydrates d. cholesterol |
d. cholesterol
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Most of the chemical compounds produced by the body are synthesized by the:
a. endocytic vesicles b. rough endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi apparatus d. nucleolus |
b. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Substance Y is a lipid-soluble molecule that is more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. Substance Y will move into the cell by:
a. active transport b. diffusion c. exocytosis d. osmosis |
b. diffusion
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Substance X is more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid. Substance X will move out of the cell by:
a. osmosis b. active transport c. diffusion d. facilitated diffusion |
b. active transport
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Bones of the upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
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Axial skeleton
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Skull, Vertebral Column, ribs and sternum
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Bone
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Connective tissue that forms the bony skeleton. Consists of living cells (osteocytes) encased in a hard extracellular matrix made of minerals and salts
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Calcitonin
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hormone that stimulates osteoblast activity causing calcium deposition in bone
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Cartilage
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Flexible connective tissue made by chondroblasts
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Compact Bone
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Dense bone tissue found on the outer surface and shafts of bones
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Epiphyseal Plate
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Cartilage band where lengthening of bone occurs
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Haversion System (Osteons)
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Cylindrical layers that form bone. Contain trapped osteocytes, blood vessels and nerve processes.
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Joints
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Areas of contact or near contact between bones
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Three Types of Joints
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a. Cartilaginous
b. Fibrous c. Synovial |
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Cartilaginous Joints
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moveable joints – e.g., rib attachments to sternum
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Fibrous Joints
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Immovable joints – e.g., skull
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Synovial Joints
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Freely moveable joints – e.g., knee, elbow
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Ligament
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Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
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Ossification
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Process of making bone from cartilage
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Osteoarthritis
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Caused by cartilage at synovial joints wearing away
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Osteoblast
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Cells that make the bone matrix
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Osteoclast
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bone cells that secrete enzymes that degrade the bone matrix
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Osteocyte
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Former osteoblasts. Trapped in matrix they made. Help maintain bone
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Osteoporosis
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Disorder that thins and softens bone due to an imbalance of rates of bone formation and bone degradation
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Parathyroid Hormone
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that stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone and release calcium
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Periosteum
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Connective tissue covering bone containing osteocytes
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Autoimmune response causes cartilage degeneration in joints, which become inflamed and accumulate bone deposits
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Secondary Ossification
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Lengthening of bone that occurs in epiphysis
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Skeleton
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The body’s physical support system. Consists of bones and various connective tissues that hold them together
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Spongy Bone
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Bone tissue characterized by thin, hard interconnecting bony elements enclosing hollow spaces. Red blood cells are produced in spongy bone
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Tendon
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Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Basement Membrane
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layer that separates many tissues and anchors epithelial cells
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Cell Junctions
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Join cells and regulate movement of materials between and through cells
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Tight Junctions
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Seal plasma membranes of adjacent cells. So tight that nothing can pass between.
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Adhesion Junctions
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two cells together, but allow some flexibility for movement
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Gap Junctions
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Pores between adjacent cells that allow for the transfer of water and some small molecules.
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Extracellular Matrix
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Noncellular material between cells. Mostly collagen and elastin in a polysaccharide gel.
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Intercalated Discs
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Junction between cardiac muscle cells that allows communication between to synchronize contractions
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Organ
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Different tissues working together for a common end
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Organ System
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Two or more organs working together for a common end
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Tissue
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Group of like cells that perform a common task
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Epithelial Tissue
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Sheetlike arrays of cells – Line body surfaces, cavities, ducts and tubes. Many are specialized for secretion
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Types of Epithelial Tissue
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Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
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Connective Tissue
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Supports and connects parts of body together. Usually fewer cells and lot of extracellular material.
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Types of Connective Tissue
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Loose (Areolar), Dense, Elastic, Cartilage, Bone, Adipose and Blood
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Muscle Tissue
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that contract when stimulated. Moves body and specific parts of body
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Types of Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
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Nervous Tissue
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Generate and transmit electrical impulses throughout body. Neurons and Glial (support) cells.
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Active Transport
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Transferring of substances in or out of a cell at the cost of energy to the cell
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Cell
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smallest structure that shows all the characteristics of life
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Chromatin
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Thread-like material in nucleus that contains the DNA and associated proteins
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Endocytosis
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process of bringing fluids, particles or cells into cell by engulfing them in a portion of the plasma membrane
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Eukaryote
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An organism composed of cells with nuclei and internal, membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi and protists are eukaryotes
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Extracellular Matrix
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Proteins, carbohydrates and other materials on the outside of the cell
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Exocytosis
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Process of expelling materials from the cell via vesicle that fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents to the outside
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Magnification
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The ratio of an objects image to its real size
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Nucleolus
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Dark appearing portion of nucleus that is the site of ribosomal protein and RNA synthesis.
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Organelle
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One of many small cellular structures that perform specific functions in a cell
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Centriole
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Small organelle made of microtubules that is involved in cell division
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Cytoskeleton
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Cells internal skeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Support the cell and provide a means for various types of cell movements
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Golgi Apparatus
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membranous system in cell that finishes and processes proteins and lipids and ships via vesicles to their final destinations
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Lysosome
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Organelle containing strong enzymes that is involved in digesting macromolecules
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Mitochondria
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Organelle surrounded by double membrane system that is responsible for producing the cells ATP
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Nucleus
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Site of the cells genetic material
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Peroxisome
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membrane-bound vesicle that detoxifies toxins in cell
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Ribosome
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Organelle that reads RNA and makes protein in the cell
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
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series of folded membranes in cell studded with ribosomes. The site of most protein synthesis in cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
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Has no ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis and several other cell processes.
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Vesicle
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Small membrane-bound sac that moves substances around and out of cell
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Passive Transport
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Movement of substances across membrane that does not require energy
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Plasma Membrane
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membrane surrounding a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded cholesterol and proteins
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Prokaryote
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A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
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Resolution
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A measure of image clarity
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Selective Permeability
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certain substances to pass through while blocking others
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