Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Equine stomach parasites
|
Gasterophilus intestinalis
Gasterophilus nasalis Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis Drashcia megastoma Habronema muscae H. majus Trichostrongylus axei |
|
Equine small intestine parasites
|
Parascaris equorum
Strongyloides westeri Anoplocephala magna Anoplocephala perfoliata Paranoplocephala mamillana Eimeria leuckarti Cryptosporidium parvum |
|
Equine large intestine parasites
|
Strongylus equinus
Strongylus edentatus Strongylus vulgaris Triodontophorus spp. Cyathostomes Oxyuris equi Anoplocephala perfoliate Trichomonas equi Horse ciliates |
|
Equine Liver parasites
|
Fasciola hepatica
Echinococcus granulosus Heterobilharzia americana |
|
Equine kidney parasites
|
Klossiella equi
|
|
Equine Abdominal cavity parasites
|
Setarai equina
|
|
Equine Respiratory system parasites
|
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
|
|
Equine Nervous system parasites
|
Thelazia lacrymalis
Sarcocycstis neurona Halicephalobus deletrix |
|
Equine Cardiovascular system parasites
|
Strongylus vulgaris
Trypanosoma evansi Trypanosoma equiperdum Babesia equi Babesia caballi |
|
Equine Musculoskeletal system parasites
|
Sarcocystis spp
|
|
Equine Integument parasites
|
Onchocereca spp
Draschia megastoma Habronema spp |
|
Equine fly parasites
|
Simulium
Culicoides Haematobia irritans Stomoxys calcitrans Musca domestica Musca autumnalis Tabanus spp Chrysops spp Aedes spp. Anopheles spp Culex spp Cochliomyia hominivorax Lucilia spp Calliphora spp |
|
Equine lice parasites
|
Haematopinus asini
Bovicola (Damalinia) equi |
|
Equine Mites
|
Sarcoptes scabiei
Chorioptes equi Psoroptes equi Demodex equi |
|
Equine ticks
|
Amblyomma americanum
Amblyomma maculatum Amblyomma albiptictus Dermacentor albipictus Dermacentor andersoni Dermacentor nitens Dermacentor occidnetalis Dermacentor variabilis Ixodes scapularis |
|
Horse bot
|
G. intestinalis
|
|
G. intestinalis causes lesions in the
|
esophagus and non-glandular stomach
|
|
G. intestinalis lays her eggs where?
|
On legs of horses
|
|
G. intestinals passes what stage in the feces
|
mature larvae
pupate on ground or in feces, |
|
Chin or throat bot
|
Gasterophilus nasalis
|
|
G. nasalis attaches it eggs where
|
In submandibular area of horse
|
|
G. nasalis lavae attach where in the stomach?
|
Glandular portion of stomach
Pyloric area |
|
G. nasalis and G. intestinalis seasonal distribution times
|
Sept, Oct, Nov
|
|
Treat for G. nasalis and G intestinalis when
|
30 days after first frost
use ivermectin |
|
What stage of the fly do you treat/kill
|
larva
adult flyies don't feed. |
|
Non pesticide prevention of bots
|
Keep horses stabled during day. flies won't go in the barn or fly at night
|
|
Draschia megastoma SF
|
Spiruroidea
|
|
D. megastoma life cycle
|
indirect life cycle
Intermediate host is Musca domestica and stomoxys calcitrans |
|
Musca domestica is IH for what horse parasites
|
Draschia megastoma
Habronema muscae |
|
Find Sraschia megastoma egss by
|
sedimentation
|
|
Draschia megastoma has what shaped pharnyx
|
funnel shaped
|
|
D. megastoma causes what lesions
|
nodules or abscesses in fundus near margo plicata. Hundreds of worms within a nodule
|
|
Habronema muscae SF
|
Spiruroidea
|
|
Habronema muscae life cycle
|
indirect
Definitive host: equid IH musca domestica |
|
H. muscae has what shaped pharnyx
|
parallel sides
|
|
Habronema majus life cycle
|
indirect
IH: Stomoxys calcitrans DH: equids |
|
Habronema majus pharnyx
|
flask shaped
|
|
Habronema majus leaves fly how
|
crawls out of adult fly mouthparts on to feed, water, or on warm moist areas of horse
|
|
Habronema eggs look how
|
membrane over bent over larva - looks like paper clip
|
|
Summer Sore is caused by
|
Habronema majus
Cutaneous habronemiasis |
|
Habronema spp cause
|
mucoid gastritis
|
|
Trichostrongylus axei SF
|
Trichostrongyloidea
|
|
Trichostrongylus axei has what characteristics
|
Anterior excretory notch
oval thin shelled segmented eggs Males bursate with unequal spiculues |
|
Trichostrongylus axei is common in
|
horses housed with small ruminants
|
|
Trhichostrongylus axei infective stage
|
L3
|
|
Trichostrongylus axei pathogenesis
|
gastritis, hypersecretion of gastric mucus
Chronic hyperplastic gastritis Wart like thickening with central depression oand raised periphery |
|
T. axei DX, TX, and control
|
Thin shelled semented eggs,
all equine anthelmintics effective |
|
Parascaris equorum SF
|
Ascaroidea
|
|
Parascaris equorum characteristics
|
3 prominent lips
robust worms usually in foal Single shelled egg |
|
Parascaris equorum infective stage
|
L3
|
|
Foal are usually infected by
|
eggs from last seasons foals
|
|
Parascaris equorum migration
|
Hepato-tracheal migration
|
|
Foals get Parascaris equorum by
|
corpophagia
|
|
If Parascaris equorum eggs are aquired by skin penetration, they are associated with
|
Rhodococcus equi
|
|
Parascaris equi is rarely seen in
|
horses over 8 months old.
|
|
Parascaris equi has what type of egg
|
oval larvated egg
|
|
Parascaris equi Tx, control
|
most anthelmintics effective against adults
ivermectin/moxidectin prevents transmission to foals via milk, sanitation - remove dung piles |
|
Anonplocephala magna
|
GIANT tapeworm
large scolex, no lappets |
|
Equine tapeworms IH
|
oribatid, mite
|
|
Equine tapeworm larva in IH
|
cysticercoid
|
|
Equine tapeworm characteristics
|
mature segments are wider than long,
Single set of reproductive organs |
|
Anoplocephala perfoliata
|
lappetted tapeworm,
Small scolex |
|
Paranoplocephala mamillana characteristics
|
small scolex
no lappets |
|
Horse tapeworm life cycle
|
Gravid segments passed from host
hexacanth onchosphere ingested by IH Cystecercoid in IH IH eaten by horse |
|
Horse tapeworm PPP
|
6 weeks
|
|
Horse tapeworm clinical signs
|
very few
possbile obstruction of ileocaecal valve mild colic intussusception with A. perfoliata ill thrift |
|
Horse tapeworm dx
|
sugar flotation
segments |
|
Horse tapworm tx
|
pyrantel pamoate 2x dose
praziquantel Nitrazoxanide |
|
Eimeria leuckarti
|
Only eimeria of equids in NA
|
|
Emeria leuckarti only infects
|
foals
NOT in adults |
|
Eimeria leuckarti oocyst characteristics
|
Dark rough, thick walled oocyst, flattened at narrow end, distinct micropyle
|
|
Horse coccidia
|
cryptosporidium parvum
|
|
Sporulation of Cryptosporidium parvum occurs
|
in the host
|
|
Cryptosporidium oocyst characteristics
|
small
infective when shed environmentally resistant |
|
Cyrptosporidium oocysts attach to
|
microvillus border of intestine, primarily ileum and respiratory epithelial cells
|
|
Cryptosporidium parvum causes disease in
|
foals with aquired immunodeficiency
|
|
Horse Large intestine strongyles
|
Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus edentatus Strongylus equinus |
|
Stongyles are
|
blood worm from SF Strongyloidea
|
|
Strongylus larva
|
migrate extensively
|
|
Stongylus characteristics
|
anterior leaf crown
goble chaped buccal cavity with or without teeth Males bursate |
|
Stongylus vulgaris characteristics
|
infects cranial mesenteric artery
adults in cecum 1 pair of rounded teeth at base of dorsal gutter |
|
Strongylus edentatus characteristics
|
liver, abdominal flank
no teeth, Rt ventral colon |
|
Strongylus equinus
|
liver abdomen
cecum/rt ventral colon 2 pair pointed teeth at base of dorsal gutter |
|
Strongylus life cycle
|
direct
segmented eggs in feces L3 larvae move up grass and eaten by horse |
|
Stronglus vulgaris L4 ascends
|
through cranial mesenteric artery and molts to L5 in 120 days.
|
|
Tx for Strongylus vulgaris
|
2X dose every 5 days, kills the larvae in migration
|
|
Strongylus edentatus life cycle
|
L3 enters intestinal mucosa, to liver, grows in liver, returns to gut
|
|
All 3 horse Strongylus cause
|
nodules in the intestine.
|
|
Strongylus equinus leaves liver via
|
hepatic ligament
returns to gult vy direct penetration |
|
Main disease of Strongylus vulgaris larvae in horses is
|
Arteritis
Forms thrombi and emboli in cranial mesenteric artery ulcerations, infarctions |
|
S. ednetatus and equinus larvae cause
|
Hemorrhagic tracts: liver, pancreas-pancreatitis, kidney
|
|
Non-migratory strongules/Cyathostomes
|
Mucosal migration
Bucal cavity large, not goblet Leaf crowns Thin shelled segmented eggs |
|
Small horse strongyles
|
Oesophagondontus
Triodontophorus Craterostomum |
|
Horse Cyathostomes
|
Cyathostomum
Cylicodontophorus Cylicocylcus Cylicostephanus Poeteiorstomum Gyalocephalus |
|
Cyathostome pathogenesis
|
nodules in LI by larvae
adults feed on mucosa Many nodules rupture at one time releasing larvae at one time Colitis/perforation |
|
Cyathostomiosis syndrome
|
seen in younger horses (1 - 4 yrs)
Weight loss, mechanical damage, release of vasoactive amines malabsorption weight loss |
|
Cyathostomiosis TX
|
oxibendazole 2X for 5 consecutive days
|
|
Horse immunity to helminths can be compromised by
|
malnutrition
lacation undeveloped immune system continuous high challege |
|
Cyathostome disease most often occurs in
|
spring due to overwintering
Lavae from one season infect the next |
|
Hypobiosis of Cyathostomes accomplish what 2 things
|
escape of unfavorable weather conditions
competition limiting factor |
|
Horse pinworms
|
Oxyroidea
Oxyuris equi |
|
O. equi infects
|
Colon, rectum
|
|
O. equi egg
|
Larvated, 85 um long, colorless, slightly flattened on one side with mucoid plug at one end larvated when passed
|
|
Oxyruris equi life cycle
|
direct
Gravid female in rectum Horse scratches against post, ingest eggs |
|
O. equi PPP
|
4 months
|
|
Oxyuris equi pathogenesis
|
Perianl pruritus - eggs stuck to skin
|
|
O. equi TX
|
Corticosteroid for pruritus
|
|
LI protozoa
|
Trichomonas equi - Sarcomastigophora
Ciliates |
|
Trichomonas equi characteristics
|
single vesicular nucleus, undulating membrane and anterior flagella
Corkscrew motility |
|
Trichomonas is
|
a normal inhabitant of the cecum of horses
|
|
Horse LI ciliates are
|
Commensal symbiont
75 species |
|
Horse LI ciliate transmission
|
Per os
Prophozoites only, no cysts |
|
Horse liver parasites
|
Fascilola, Echinococcus, Heterobilharzia
|
|
Fasciola hepatica
|
common liver fluke
Trematode Indirect life cycle IH amphibious snails |
|
Fasciola hepatica DX
|
large golden operculate eggs/sediment
|
|
Echinococcus granulosus
|
Hydatid cyst
cestode cyclophillidea Taeniidae |
|
Echinococcus granulosus is primarily in
|
European horses
|
|
Echinococcus granulosus clinical signs
|
not constant or often seen
|
|
Echinococcus granulosus Dx
|
opaque hydatid cyst
|
|
Heterobilharzia americana
|
Fluke in Mesenteric vessles
|
|
H. americana host is
|
raccoon
IH is lymnaeid snail |
|
H. americana eggs end up
|
trapped in the liver producing a granuloma
Starry night pattern in livers |
|
Horse kidney parasites
|
Klossiella equi
Apicomplexa protozoa |
|
Klossiella equi host is
|
horse, ass, zebra
commensal |
|
Klossiella Life cycle
|
Direct
infective stage: sporulated sporocyst |
|
K equi enters urine by
|
rupture of host tubule cell
|
|
Horse abdominal cavity parasite
|
Setaria equina
Filaroidea |
|
Setaria equina life cycle
|
Indirect
DH horse IH Stomoxys calcitrans |
|
Setaria equina normally found
|
in peritoneal cavity
may go to scrotum, anterior chamber of eye |
|
Seterai equina is normally
|
non-pathogenic, except in eye
|
|
Horse Respiratory tract parasites
|
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi - lungworm
|
|
Dictocaulus arnfieldi life cycle
|
Direct
L1 passed in feces L3 PO |
|
Dictocaulus arnfieldi migration
|
via lymphatics to lungs
|
|
Patent infection of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi is in
|
Donkeys
|
|
D. arnfieldi clinical signs
|
Chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, Eosinophilia
|
|
Horse nervous system parasites
|
Thelazia lacrymalis : Spiroruroidea
Sarcocystis neurona: apicomplexa Halicephalobus delatrix |
|
Thelazia lacrymalis location
|
orbital region
conjunctiva under inctating membrane or lachrymal duct |
|
Thelazia lacrymalis life cycle
|
Female produces larvae within a very thin membrane
L1 ingested by fly L3 escapes fly while feeding |
|
Thelazia lacrymalis treatment
|
None
|
|
Sarcocystis neurona characteristics
|
Apicomplexa
Equine Protozoal Myelitis - EPM |
|
Horse is _____ host for Sarcocystits
|
abnormal host - normally possum
Horse eats sporulated sporocysts |
|
Equine Protozoal Myelitis
|
incoordination, abnormal behavior
muscle atrophy |
|
EPM clinically resembles
but is different ____- |
Toxoplasma, Neospora, or viral enchephalitis (WNV, EEE, WEE, VEE)
serologically |
|
Sarcocystis neurona life cycle
|
indirect
|
|
Sarcocystis DX
|
Postmortem
Cerebral spinal fluid useful HX, Normally younger adult horses under stress |
|
Sarcocystitis TX
|
Pyrimehtamine
ponazuril |
|
Sarcocystitis prevention
|
prevent opossums from having access to horse feed
|
|
Halicephalobus deletrix
|
Rhabditoidea
normally free living |
|
Halicephalobus deletrix
|
Inflammation of nasal maxiallry region, brain kidney, limbs have been reported
|
|
Halicephalobus deletrix adults
|
don't need to mate, just reproduce
|
|
Cardiovascular system horse parasites
|
Strongylus
Trypanosoma Babesia |
|
Strongylus vularis cardio involvement
|
Strongyloidea
arteritis/thrombi and emboli in cranial mesenteric arteries |
|
Trypanosoma horse parasite
|
Sarcopastigophora
Salivarian trypanosome |
|
Trypanosoma IH has what stage
|
epimastigote
|
|
Trypanosoma stage in mammalian host
|
trypomastigote
|
|
Trypanosoma species
|
T. brucei - tstse flies
T. evansi biting flies T. equiperdum - venereal |
|
T. evansi occurs where
|
N. Africa, Southern Asia
Central and S America |
|
T. evansi biological transmission
|
Vampire bat
|
|
T. evansi mechanical transmission
|
interrupted feeding of biting flies or vampire bat
|
|
T. evansi clinical signs
|
intermittent fever, watery discharge from eyes and nose
Edematous swellings of abdomen, genitalia and legs |
|
Babesia horse species
|
Babesia caballi - large
Babesia equi - small |
|
Babesia horse vectors
|
Dermacentor nitens
Dermacentor ablipictus Dermacentor variabilis |
|
Babesia equine clinical signs
|
Fever, anemia, icterus, posterior paralysis
|
|
Babesia equi species
|
Horses, donkeys and mules
|
|
B. equi is also called
|
Theileria equi
|
|
B. equi is found in
|
Europe, Asia, Africa and SA
|
|
B equi trophozoites are in
|
RBC
|
|
B. equi meronts are in
|
lymphocytes
|
|
B. equi causes
|
fever, conjuctivities, swelling of eyelids, icterus, hemoglobinuria, emaciation
|
|
B. equi transmission
|
Ablyomma cajennense Dermacentor variabilis, Boophilus microplus
|
|
Musculoskeletal horse parasites
|
Sarcocystis
|
|
Sarcocystis spp
|
Sarcocystis bertrami
Sarcocystis fayeri Sarcocystis equicanis |
|
Sarcocystis musculoskeletal spp don't cause
|
same disease as S. neurona
|
|
Sarcocystis MS spp IH and DH
|
horse
Dog |
|
Horse reproductive parasites
|
Trypanosoma equiperdum
|
|
Horse integumentary system
|
Onchocerca SF filaroidea
|
|
Onchocerca spp
|
O. cervicalis
O. reticulata |
|
Onchocerca cervicalis adult
|
in ligamentum nuchae
|
|
Onchocerca reticulata
|
adult in suspensory ligament
|
|
Onchocerca penetrate
|
between bundles of yellow elastic connective tissue fibers
|
|
Onchocerca life cycle
|
indirect
vector Cullicoides spp PPP 4 -5 months |
|
Onchocerca pathogenesis
|
Fistulous withers
Poll evil Skin lesions of head neck withers, chst and ventral midlin Karatitis, pruritic alopecia with depigmentation, papular eruption |
|
Onchocerca seasonal outbreak
|
April to October
|
|
What treatment can cause problems with Onchocerca
|
Ivermectin killling many microfilaria
|
|
Habronema and Draschia cause what disease
|
Summer sores
Larvae in aberrant cutaneous location |
|
Habronema/Draschia IH
|
house or stable flies infected wtih L3 larva
|
|
H and D lesions seen in what season
|
warm seasons
|
|
Equine fly ectoparasite
|
Diptera
Gasterophilus Muscadomestica Stomoxys calcitrans Haemotobia irritans Cochliomyia hominivorax Culicoides Blow flies Tabanids Simulium Mostquitoes |
|
Musca domestica transmits what to horses
|
Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae
|
|
Stomoxys calcitrans transmits what to horses
|
Stable fly - biting fly
Draschia megastoma Habronema majus Trypanosoma evansi Equine infectious anemia virus |
|
Haematobia irritans transmits what to horses
|
Horn fly
Irritation/stress |
|
Chochliomyia hominivorax
|
new World screwworm
REPORTABLE:USDA |
|
Blow flies on horses
|
Cochliomyia macerllaria
Paenicia sericata Phormia regina Lucilia and Calliphora |
|
Blow flies are only a problem in
|
wounds
|
|
Tabanids on horses
|
Tabanus - Horse flies
Chrysops - Deer flies Hybotmitra 0 Green heads |
|
Tabanids transmit what to horses
|
Trypanosoma evansi
Equine Infectious Anemia virus |
|
Simulium sp of flys on horses
|
Early spring/summer
transmit VEE |
|
Culicoides spp and horses
|
Biting midgies
Transmit Onchocerca to horses Crepuscular/nocturnal periods |
|
Aedes/Anopheles/Culex
|
EEE, WEE, VEE and WNV
Setaria equi |
|
Horse lice
|
incomplete metamorphosis
Winter/cool weather - long hair Bovicola equi - only biting Haemopinus asini - horse/donkey sucking louse |
|
Horse Ticks
|
Ixodidae
Amblyomma Dermacentor Ixodes Rhipicephalus Argasidae: Otobius megnini, Ornithodoros |
|
Amblyomma americanum
|
Lone Star Tick
Single white spot on base of scutum |
|
Amblyomma maculatum
|
Gulf Coast tick
Both male and female with extensive ornation |
|
Amblyomma cajennense
|
Cayenne Tick
Southern Texas to South America Vector for Babesia equi March - May |
|
Dermacentor albipictus
|
winter tick
Active Nov to spring Babesia caballi |
|
Dermacentor nitens
|
Tropical horse tick
Tick worry Babesia caballi |
|
Dermacentor andersoni, occidentalis
|
Tick worry
|
|
Dermacentor variablis
|
American dog tick
Babesia equi Babesia caballi |
|
Ixodes Scapularis
|
Anal groove
Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
Otobisu megnini
|
Spinose ear tick
May produce toxins that causes colic |
|
Horse mites
|
Demodex equi
Chorioptes equi Psoroptes cunicul Sarcoptes scabiei |
|
Demodex equi is
|
rare
|
|
Chorioptes equi
|
leg mange horses
greasy heel tarsal suckers on short stalks |
|
Psoroptes cuniculi
|
Mite in ear
head sensitivity |
|
Sarcoptes scabiei
|
Cavalryman's itch
Dips and sprays Ivermectin NO Amatraz |
|
Most common parasites in foals
|
Parascaris
Strongyloides Eimeria |
|
What horses have the most exposure to intermediate host flies?
|
Stalled
Habronema Oxyuris |
|
What pasture control methods are recommended
|
Hay, shredding for compost or allowing other species to graze under utilized forage
|
|
Periodic deworming at a set interval has what side effect
|
selects for resistance to antihelmentics
|
|
Periodic deworming characteristics
|
Suppressive:Benzimidazole/pyrantel 4 -6 wks, Ivermectin 8 - 12 weeks, Moxidectin 16 weeks
Continuous - pyrantel daily Deworm every 3 - 4 months |
|
Strategic deworming in the horse
|
In Texas treat pastures in January, March and June
|
|
Selective deworming
|
only treat animals with high egg count
not year round |
|
Evaluating anthemintic efficacy
|
Before mean - after mean/before mean
|
|
Benzimidazole works in the equid for what parasites
|
Parascaris
|
|
Piperazine worms best on
|
Parascaris
|
|
Tetrahydropyrimidine
|
All but pin worm
|
|
Praziquantel
|
only tapeworms
|
|
Cyathosomes peak in
|
Spring
|