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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cell cycle |
There are 3 phases of the cell cycle. A series of steps in the cells life that lead to it dividing in two |
1. Produces DNA & daughter cells |
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Mitosis |
Nuclear divison in the cell cycle |
1. 2 sets of chromosomes but each have their own nucleus |
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Interphase |
The period of growth and DNA replication between divisions |
1. This is the phase where the cell spends most of its life |
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G1/G0 |
Is the growth and synthesis of the macromolecules. G0 the cell is not dividing and not preparing to divide |
1. One of the three steps in interphase |
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S |
This is synthesis, DNA replication |
1. This is one of the checkpoints for the cell |
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G2 |
Also known as gap 2, growth and synthesis of macromolecules |
1. 3rd & final phase of interphase |
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M |
This is mitotic. Mitosis and cytokinesis occur. Division of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells |
1. This phase is highly complex & fast |
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Restriction point |
Is a point at G1 in the animal cell. Growth signals cause cell to complete entire cell cycle |
1. Only happens in animal cells |
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Cytokinesis |
When the cytoplasm from the parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells. |
1. Occurs in animal cells during mitosis |
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Daughter cell |
2 cells are formed when the parent cell goes through mitosis. Each daughter cell has identical DNA to its parent |
1. These have the same number and type of chromosomes |
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Nucleotide base pairing |
These are the building blocks to DNA. Only certain bases can be paired up together. |
These are the _____ _____ _______. G & C go together and A & T go together |
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Hydrogen bond |
When a hydrogen is attracted to a electronegative atom. This can happen between molecules also. |
1. An example is 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen makes a ________ _______ |
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Antiparallel |
When two things run along side next to each other |
1. A DNA double helix |
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DNA polymerase |
Builds a new matching strand for each old DNA strand |
1. Create these by assembling nucleotides |
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Semiconservative replication |
Each daughter molecule has o ne of the original strands of DNA and each daughter molecule has a newly synthesized strand of DNA |
1. Replication of DNA |
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Histone |
Alkaline proteins that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei. These package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes |
1. These are protein components of the chromatid |
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Chromosome |
These are made of protein and a single molecule of DNA. These are passed on, the DNA contains specific instructions which is what makes the chromosomes different |
1. Thread like structure in the nucleus of plant and animal cells |
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Chromatin |
A complex of proteins, RNA, and DNA that make up chromosomes. |
1. Under a microscope it looks like beads on a string |
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Mutation |
Any change in the sequence of cell |
1. Cells can die because of this change |
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Mutagen |
Something that causes a mutation |
1. Chemicals, radition, viruses 2. |
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Excision repair |
Enzymes recognize incorrect base pairs and bind to DNA & remove mismatched nucleotide |
1. This repairs the DNA in the cell cycle |
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Leading strand/Lagging strand |
The leading strand is the parent strand 3 -5 toward the fork and the lagging strand is the parent strand that goes towards the fork 5-3 |
1. The DNA is repeated continuously by these |
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Sister chromatids |
These are the identical chromosomes formed during DNA synthesis |
1. Also known as the "one-half" of the chromosomes |
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Centromere |
The sister chromatids are attached to each other at the centromere of the chromosomes |
1. This links the sister chromatids together |
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Aneuploid |
Cell that form when mutations occur during chromosomes segregation; extra or missing chromosomes. Having different numbers of chromosomes |
1.Having 45 or 47 chromosomes when 45 is needed is an example of __________ |
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Prophase |
The nuclear membrane breaks down and the chromosomes condense. In this stage microtubules form spindle fibers and the centrioles are pushed to the opposite ends of the cells |
1. 1st step of mitosis. |
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Metaphase |
The proteins in the kinetochores pull chromosomes to the metaphase plate |
1. This is where everything comes together in the middle |
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Anaphase |
Enzymes break down the proteins holding the sister chromatids together. The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled to the opposite poles |
1. When everything comes apart |
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Telophase |
Chromosomes expand into chromatin and the nuclear membrane reforms to make 2 new neclei |
1. Reverse of prophase |
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Centrioles |
Help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division in mitosis |
1. This only helps with the cell division in animal cells |
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(Mitotic) spindle (fibers) |
The spindle fibers are necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells |
1. These are made up of microtubules |
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Spindle poles |
Push centrioles to opposite end of the cells |
1. Occurs in prophase |
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Kinetochore |
A protein structure that's on the chromatids. The spindle fibers attach here and pull the sister chromatids apart |
1. Occur during prophase and attach at the centromeres of the sister chromatids |
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Cyclins |
Part of the protein family . Progression of cells through the cell cycle |
1. Activating cyclin-dependent kinase |
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Kinases |
The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule |
1. This helps control the cell cycle |
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Cell-cycle arrest |
This is not senescence. Most cells are arrest are not senescence |
1. Natural stopping point in cell cycle is known as the _____ _____ ______ |
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Cancer |
A mutation in the DNA sequence |
1. Damaged DNA can lead to _______ |
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Checkpoints |
There are checkpoints throughout the cell cycle to see if the DNA is together properly. There are ways to fix it if it isn't. |
1. This is to see if there is any damaged DNA within the cell cycle |