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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is biochemistry
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the study of biologicall active, organic (contains carbon) compounds
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5 reasons why carbon is so important
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*forms 4 covalent bonds
*bonds to many different elements *single and double bonds *carbon allows for an infinite variety of structures, therefore infinite variety of functions *forms rings, chains, branching chains |
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slogan for chapter
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STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION
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DEFINE Carbohydrate
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an organic compound present in the cells of all living thins and a major organic nutrient for humans
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ELEMENTS in Carbohydrates
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C, H, O
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MONOMERS Carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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H:O Ratio in Carbohydrates
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2:1
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General Formula for Carbohydrates
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CH20 "Carbon Water"
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function of monosaccharides in carbohydrates
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*used to build complex carbs
*quick access to energy |
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what are 2 monosaccharides bonded together
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disaccharides
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what are 3+ monosaccharides bonded together
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polysaccharides
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DEFINE polymerization
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the proccess of linking monomers to form polymers
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Polymerization is what type of reaction?
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dehydration synthesis
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polymers>monomers
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revearse polymerization
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FUNCTION dissacharides
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*nutrients
*transports sugars in plants |
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FUNCTION polysaccharides
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*short term energy storage- stored in glycogen
*structural support |
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DEFINE lipid
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a kind of organic compound that is insoluble in water,such as fats and steriods
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ELEMENTS lipids
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C, H, O
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ratio between H and O in lipids
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2:1
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which stores more energy, lipids or carbohydrates?
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lipids = 2x the energy storage as carbohydrates
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List 9 Functions of lipids
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*long term energy storage
*protection, cushioning *insulation *cell membrane *chemical messengers *creates wax *makes up saturated and unsaturated fats *makes up hormones *chloresteral |
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MONOMERS in lipids
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fatty acids, glycerol
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2 saturated fats
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*animal fats
*shorening |
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2 unsaturated fats
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*plant oils
*fish oils |
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why are sat. fats worse for you?
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straight lines, so can solidfy more easily, causes arties and clots
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structure of a unsat. fat
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curly, becuase of carbons double bond with eachother
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fatty acid structure
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H H H H =O
H-C-C-C-C-C H H H H -OH |
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WHAT IS A CARBOXyL GROUP/carboxyl acid
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=O
C -OH |
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what parts of the fatty acid are polar/nonpolar
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the=O and the OH are polar, the rest are not
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ELEMENTS proteins
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N,O,C,H,S
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what is the structure of a protein like?
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complex
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MONOMERS in proteins
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amino acids
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how many amino acids and how do they connnect to chains
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20 types, and in any order
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what determines function?
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structural diversity
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name 7 functions of proteins
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*enzymes
*antibodies *transport: pumps, channels across membranes *transports: long distance *hormones *receptors *structural |
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4 levels of a protein structure
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1) primiary (polypeptide chain)
2) secondary structure 3)tertiary structure 4) quatonary structure |
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MONOMERS in lipids
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fatty acids, glycerol
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2 saturated fats
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*animal fats
*shorening |
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2 unsaturated fats
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*plant oils
*fish oils |
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why are sat. fats worse for you?
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straight lines, so can solidfy more easily, causes arties and clots
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structure of a unsat. fat
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curly, becuase of carbons double bond with eachother
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fatty acid structure
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H H H H =O
H-C-C-C-C-C H H H H -OH |
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WHAT IS A CARBOXyL GROUP/carboxyl acid
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=O
C -OH |
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what parts of the fatty acid are polar/nonpolar
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the=O and the OH are polar, the rest are not
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ELEMENTS proteins
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N,O,C,H,S
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what is the structure of a protein like?
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complex
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MONOMERS in proteins
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amino acids
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how many amino acids and how do they connnect to chains
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20 types, and in any order
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what determines function?
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structural diversity
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name 7 functions of proteins
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*enzymes
*antibodies *transport: pumps, channels across membranes *transports: long distance *hormones *receptors *structural |
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4 levels of a protein structure
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1) primiary (polypeptide chain)
2) secondary structure 3)tertiary structure 4) quatonary structure |
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DRAW AN AMINO ACID
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check answer in the texty
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what does a polypeptide chain (primary level in protein) determine?
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determines how the protein will fold, therfore defining its structure
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DEFINE polypeptide chain
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lineas chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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what are the two shapes of the secondary structure in a protien
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spiral or swiggles then a big bowly thing
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what bonds with what to create the secondary structure
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H bonds with amino and carboxyl
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how is the tertiary structure in a protien held together
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by interactions between R groups, ionic bods, H bonds, covalent disulfide bonds
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when do most proteins become functional
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at the tertiary structure
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DEFINE adhesion
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the attractive force between unlike substances
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DEFINE capillarity
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the reaction of a liquid surface with a solid, a capillarity allows water to creep up the interior of a narrow vessel
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DEFINE cohesion
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the attraction of like molecules to eachother
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DEFINE hydrogen bond
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a weak chemical bond between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negativley-charged region of another molecule
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DEFINE polar
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a compound with one side hacing a negative charge and the other side having a positive charge
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DEFINE adenosine triphosphate
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(ATP) a molecule present in all living cells and acting as an energy source for metabloic processes
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DEFINE functional group
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a structural building block that determines the characteristics of a chemical compound
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DEFINE condensation reaction
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a chemical reaction, also called dehydration synethesis, in which one molecule isproduced (H2O)
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DEFINE hydrolysis
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the splitting of a molecule through reaction with water
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DEFINE macromolecule
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a very large oraganic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
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DEFINE monomer
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a repeated, single-molecule unit in a polymer
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DEFINE polymer
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a compound consisting of repeated linked monomers
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DEFINE amino acid
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a carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of the 20 monomers that form a protein
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DEFINE carbohydrate
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an organic compound present in the cells of all living things and a major organic nutrient for humans
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DEFINE dipeptide
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a formation from two amino acids bonded together by means of condensation reaction
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DEFINE disaccharide
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a double sugar formed from two monosaccharides
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DEFINE fatty acid
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a monomer that is part of most lipids
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DEFINE hydrophilic
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reffering to the molecular attraction to water
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DEFINE hydrophobic
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reffering to the molecular repulsion of water
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DEFINE isomer
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one of the two or more compounds that differ in structure but not in molecular composition
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DEFINE lipid
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a kind of organic compoundthat is insoluble in water, such as fats and steriods
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DEFINE monosaccharide
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a simple sugar suc as frutose or glucose
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DEFINE nucleic acid
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an organic molecule, DNA or RNA, that stores and carries important information for cell function
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DEFINE nucleotide
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a monomer of dna and RNA consisting of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
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DEFINE peptide bond
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a covalent bond between two amino acids
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DEFINE phospholipid
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a complex lipid having two fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol
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DEFINE polypeptide
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a long chain of several amino acids
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DEFINE polysaccharide
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a complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides
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DEFINE protein
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an organic compound composed of one or two more chains of polypeptides which in turn are formed from amino acids
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DEFINE ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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a nucleic acid composed of a single strand and distinguished from DNA by containing ribosome and uracil
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DEFINE steriod
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a lipid in which the moleculeis composed of four carbon rings
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DEFINE substrate
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a part, substance, or elment that lies beneath and supports and supports another; the reactant in any enzyme-catalyzed reaction
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DEFINE triglyceride
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a lipid made up of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecules
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difference between condensation reaction hydrolisis
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condensation reaction links monomers, but hydrolisis does just the oppisite
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lock-and-key method
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when an enzyme can only atach too a certain shape, enzyme flexes to conform to reactants shape, then enzyme is unchanged and is reused by another reactant
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